# Members

IMMC

Philippe Chatelain
Professor
Contact
Recent publications

obtained his doctorate in aeronautics and applied mathematics from Caltech in 2005. After a research associate position at ETH Zurich, he is since 2009 professor of aeronautical mechanics at UCL. His research interests cover fluid mechanics, Lagrangian numerical methods, their deployment in HPC environment, and their application to fundamental problems as well as more applied ones in bio-propulsion, aeronautics and wind energy. His work in these last two thematics led in 2013 to the launch of Wake Prediction Technologies, a spin-off company which offers services in studying and modelling aircraft and wind turbine wakes.
The problematic of wakes is now at the center of his research with the investigation and development of control schemes for devices interacting through their wakes, i.e. aircraft flying in formation or wind turbines (ERC Consolidator Grant WakeOpColl). The schemes investigated rely as much as possible on machine learning techniques: the devices learn how to sense and exploit the ambient flow.
He also collaborates with the von Karman Institute, ULg and Cenaero on aerothermal flows past Thermal Protection Systems. Other collaborations include UMons, UCLA, Caltech,UIUC, DTU and ETHZ.

IMMC main research direction(s):
Computational science
Energy
Fluid mechanics

Keywords:
aerodynamics
biomechanics
energy harvesting
machine learning
particle methods
vortex method
wake flows
wind turbine

Research group(s): TFL

#### PhD and Post-doc researchers under my supervision:

 Implementation of an incompressible hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian external flow solverPhilippe BilluartPhilippe Billuart is working on the development of a new numerical solver that will be able to solve accurately and efficiently any low Mach number external flows. His research is focusing on the hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian solvers for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Those approaches are based on the decomposition of the computational domain : an Eulerian grid-based solver is used for the computation of the near-wall region, while a Lagrangian vortex method solves the wake region. Even though the coupling of particle methods with Eulerian solvers is not new, only 3D weak coupling were developed so far. This thesis aims to develop a 3D strong coupling ; i.e. a coupling where the Schwarz iterations are not longer required to ensure consistent boundary conditions on each subdomain. As the Schwarz algorithm becomes expensive in 3D, the computational gain in the developed approach should be very significant.

 COMPACTSWIM : compliant actuation and embodied intelligence in biomimetic propulsion for swimming : principles, simulation, and design.Caroline BernierThis project is in between Robotics and Fluid Mechanics and aims at the design of robust and efficient biomimetic swimming agents. The approach used to tackle the problem distinguishes itself from a broad body of work by a unique combination of multi-disciplinary tools: (i) high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics to simulate self-propelled swimmers; (ii) compliant actuators to generate energy-efficient force-controlled patterns; (iii) oscillator-based coordination to distribute the computational load within a biologically inspired controller; and (iv) advanced optimization algorithm to calibrate the control schemes for a large variety of gaits. Different and complementary swimming gaits will be investigated, like energy-efficient or fast. Using compliant actuators will allow the swimmer to sense the fluid reactions being useful for its propulsion and exploit energy storage in the elastic deformations of the actuator.

 Thomas Gillis

 Modelisation and optimization of bird flightVictor ColognesiThis research project aims at modeling and optimizing bird flight. The goal of this modelization is to get a deep understanding of the mechanisms that govern avian flight and the best way to understand it is to re-create it. That is, the flight will be modeled starting from the given anatomy of a bird and the kinematics will be the result of an optimization process aiming at the most optimal flight. Compared to other existing studies on the subject of bird flight, this project will follow a "bottom-up" approach, all the way from muscle activation, up to the wing aerodynamics and gait optimization. This approach is necessary to be able to evaluate key values such as metabolic rates, ... This will allow us to answer a few questions such as : - What are the mechanisms enabling high efficiency in bird flight ? - How do we achieve a stable flapping flight ? This work is purely numerical. The bio-mechanical model of the bird is developed using the multi-body solver Robotran developed at UCL. This bio-mechanical model will be coupled to an aerodynamical model based on a vortex particle-mesh code (VPM) developed at UCL as well.

 Ablation modelling for the simulation of the atmospheric entry of meteorsBruno DiasThis project aims to a detailed modelling of a meteoroid entry into planet Earth. The state-of-the-art models to simulate the meteoroid demise rely simplified assumptions where flow/meteoroid ablation interaction are often neglected. For instances the multiphase problem due to the melting of the meteoroid is not considered. The approach considered in this project considers the developing of models containing melting/evaporation information which can be included in CFD solvers. Hereafter we could to simulate a meteoroid entry where radiation is also included and compared with observations done by the scientific community. The preliminary results shows that the molten layer removal due to shear forces is the major source of the ablation process for low altitudes conditions. Also with the increase of the body radius the radiation becomes dominant as a heat source.

 Numerical and experimental investigations of the meandering phenomenon in wind turbines wakesNicolas CoudouLarge wind farms with installed capacities that reach up to 1GW cover 11.5% (end 2015) of the electrical power demand in the European Union for a normal wind year. This share is foreseen to increase dramatically by the year 2020 ; it will be translated in more, and larger, clustered wind farms. An important aspect of wind farm design is the farm layout optimization. It consists in optimally positioning the wind turbines within the wind farm so that the wake effects are minimized in order to maximize the efficiency and the lifetime of downstream turbines. It is therefore essential to have an in- depth knowledge of wind turbine wake flow physics. More specifically, the vortical wake meandering is a well-known phenomenon for which the fundamental turbulence mechanisms are not yet well understood. This phenomenon causes the wake to be swept in and out of the rotor disk of downstream turbines. It is thus critical to understand it to predict mechanical fatigue and loading on the downstream turbines. The aim of this project is to study in-depth the wake meandering phenomenon using a combination of advanced experimental and numerical tools. The numerical studies will rely on a high performance implementation of a state-of-the-art Vortex Method. The advanced turbulence models (Large Eddy Simulation, LES) implemented as well as an original actuator line model will allow to capture very fine physical details of the wake turbulence to better understand the physical phenomenon considered. The phenomenon will be also studied on a scaled wind farm located in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel (VKI atmospheric wind tunnel, 2x3 m section, 50 m/s, a remarkable facility at European scale). The experiments to be carried will provide stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) results to validate the numerical approach.

 WakeOpCollMarion CoqueletMarion Coquelet is part of the ERC-granted project WakeOpColl, which focuses on learning and collective intelligence for optimized operations in wake flows. Her contribution is related to the control of wind turbines using artificial intelligence. One of the questions to be answered is how a wind turbine in a farm can learn and organize itself in order to maximize the global production of the farm, but also to limit the fatigue loads experienced by its blades. She has focused on how wind turbine blades can be used as sensor of the flow. By measuring the blades loads, the wind profile upstream of the wind turbine can be reconstructed (local velocities, shear, turbulence intensity). She is now busy with making the wind turbine learn how to behave depending on this knowledge of the flow conditions. More precisely, individual pitch control is used te reduce the fatigue loads appearing on the blades and the control strategy is acquired by reinforcement learning.

 Flight Control and Wake Characterization of Migratory BirdsGianmarco DucciThe RevealFlight project aims at shedding light on the efficiency optimization mechanisms deployed by biological flyers, with a specific focus on migratory birds. The efficiency-seeking mechanisms will be sought through the numerical reproduction of flight that includes the morphology, the neuro-muscular configuration and the gait generation. This resulting gait then exploits aerodynamics at the scale of an individual (unsteady lift generation) and at the level of the flock (formation flight). This project thus proposes to synthesize the flight mechanics of birds into a unified framework, combining bio-mechanical, sensory, aerodynamic and social interaction models, in order to reproduce the flying gaits and the interactions within a flock. A neuro-mechanical model of the birds is currently under development, capturing bio-inspired principles both in the wing bio-mechanics (e.g. structure and compliance) and in its coordinated control (through e.g. a network of coordinated oscillators). The dynamics of this model will be solved by means a multi-body solver and in turn, coupled to a massively parallel flow solver (an implementation of the Vortex Particle-Mesh method) in order to capture the birdâs wake up to the scales of the flock. The study of self-organization phenomena and inter-bird interactions are currently beginning on simple conceptual models, and will be gradually extended to more advanced models developed during the project. It will aim at comparing the efficiency of flocks of selfish flyers with that of flocks in which collaboration takes place, whether implicitly or explicitly. In my global project picture, the following bottom-up strategy will be adopted: - Wake characterization: This task studies the wake in terms of the vortex dynamics at play over long distances. The candidate will perform simulations of flying agents in long computational domains in order to capture the wake behavior (topology, instabilities and decay) over longer times and larger scales. This will provide another basis of validation of the project results, given the volume of work on bird wakes; - Flight stabilization in turbulent or wake-impacted flow: This task aims at the realization of a stabilized flight within a perturbed flow. Two perturbations are envisioned: ambient turbulence and an analytical wake composed of two counter-rotating vortices. Il will Combine previously synthesized gaits and control schemes in order to study the stability of the flyer in a turbulent flow or inside a wake; - Maneuvers: This task realizes the first maneuvers of the virtual flyer: avoidance and trajectory tracking that will be leveraged in the simulation of multiple flyers that need to interact and swap places. In the present task, this trajectory is still prescribed, in a step towards an autonomous decision-making agent. In order to realize maneuvers, this task implements a control layer above the controllers developed in earlier tasks. Complex maneuvers will be achieved by closing the loop between trajectory errors and the inputs of the lower level controller.

 WakeOpColl: Performance optimization of wind farms under realistic operating conditions using collaborative control Maxime LejeuneFast-increasing demand for renewable energy has resulted in a growing interest for the development of new efficient wind farms. As a consequence, the study of wake effects has been gaining a lot of attention recently. Wake effects dictate the optimal operating point of wind farms. Indeed, placing wind turbines in close proximity to one another leads to convoluted wake-wake and wake-turbine interactions which have a detrimental effect on both the lifespan and the energy production of the turbines. Developing flexible control strategies able to take into account the convoluted dynamic wake effects is thus currently one of the most prevailing challenges faced by the wind energy industry. Despite large amount of resources engaged on the topic, classical control and optimization theories applied to wind farms have up to this day failed to achieve high efficiency together with transparent adaptivity, robustness and flexibility. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models based controllers have been introduced in an attempt to account for the wake effects. Even though they allowed to accurately capture the physic of wind turbine farm in given conditions, they still remained unsuitable for control under time varying atmospheric conditions due to their prohibitive computational cost The aim of this project is thus to develop affordable wake simulation tools and then to apply them in the framework of machine learning and collaborative control in order to enhance the performances of the farms.

 Learning and collective intelligence for optimized operations in wake flowsIgnace RansquinPhysics dictates that a flow device has to leave a wake or the signature of it producing sustentation forces, and can then impact negatively or favorably another device downstream (e.g. Wake turbulence between aircraft in air traffic, wake losses within wind farms). This project proposes an Artificial Intelligence and bio-inspired paradigm for the control of flow devices subjected to wake effects. To each flow device is associated an intelligent agent that pursues given goals of efficiency or turbulence alleviation. Every one of these flow agents now relies on machine-learning tools to learn how to make the right decision when confronted with wake or turbulent flow structures. At a system level, Multi-Agent System and Distributed Learning paradigms are employed. The goal is to demonstrate that the design of a system that learns how to control the flow, is simpler than the design of the control scheme and will yield a more robust scheme. Collaborative control of multiple devices constitutes a field of development that will be transformative in many engineering areas. Collaboration is indeed proven to consistently bring increased global efficiency, adaptivity and robustness in the applications of interest. The design of robust collaborative schemes is a topic in its own, which is particularly delicate when the devices interactions are flow-mediated, due to the non-linearity of flows. More crucially, they affect the operation of the impacted devices.

 Captive Trajectory System for the handling of wake-impacted flow devicesEmile MoreauThe main objective of the thesis is to develop a Captive Trajectory System (CTS) for the handling of wake-impacted flow devices that are free flying or swimming, such as aircrafts or bio-inspired robots. Which means that there is no other external force applied on those models, barring gravity, than the one applied by the fluid. The envisioned facility will be unique at an international level. At the same time, its scope of applications will be quite wide, covering, but not limited to, applied and fundamental fluid mechanics (fluid-structure interaction problems), biomechanics (biolocomotion), and civil engineering (wind or flow-structure interactions). Additionally, we see this project as a first foray into the emerging field of experimental studies augmented by Artificial Intelligence or co-simulation. Nowadays, this is not experimentally achievable by the use of Lab facilities, because they only allow, at most, horizontal and vertical displacements and do not feature any force or motion control. Hence, the goal of this thesis, of a rather experimental nature, is to design a robotic system â possibly partially immersed â whose precision, sensing and control capabilities will be able to handle free-moving devices, and to validate fluid-structure interaction models developed by various IMMC research teams, also involved in the project.

 Development of high-fidelity numerical methods for the simulation of the aerothermal ablation of space debris during atmospheric entryDavid HenneauxThis project, lead in collabaration with the von Karman Institute (VKI) and Cenaero, aims at developing high-fidelity numerical methods for the simulation of the aerothermal ablation of space debris during an atmospheric entry. The number of space debris orbiting the Earth is becoming increasingly problematic for the integrity of operational satellites and the future access to space. The many space debris mitigation projects currently under study require an accurate prediction of the degradation of these objects when they re-enter the atmosphere in order to comply with the severe re-entry safety requirements. Dedicated engineering softwares are used to assess the survivability of these debris. However, the correlation-based models implemented in these software lack accuracy and they do not allow to gain insight into the complex flow phenomena taking place near the surface of the body, yet essential for the conception of new satellites designed for demise. That is why CFD methods are needed to study this complex situation. But the methods currently available rely on simplifying assumptions that compromise the reliability of the results. The objective of this project is to develop new high-fidelity numerical methods able to deal with the presence of the three phases in the same domain and their complex interactions. They will be grouped into the ARGO code under development at CENAERO, VKI, and UCL, which relies on the discontinuous Galerkin method. To do so, a highly-accurate multiphase method coupled with evaporation and surface tension models and based on a sharp interface approach will be employed for the treatment of the gas-liquid interface, while a state of the art melting method accounting for the diffuse character of the liquid-solid interface will be considered. Both methods will be built to work with multicomponent compressible equations. The code will then be validated with experimental data from the VKI Plasmatron facility.

 FSI for wind turbinesFrançois TrigauxWind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy to ensure the transition towards a sustainable energy mix. At the national level, the offshore installed power will reach 3 GW in 2020 and hence become the most important source of low carbon energy. However, with wind turbines now reaching a diameter of up to 160m, there is a need to consider structural effects into the design, as the large deformation and unsteady loads can modify the aerodynamics or lead to vibration instability. Numerical simulations are an efficient and flexible tool to answer this need. Our goal is to further advance the state-of-the-art of the simulation of both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines by handling correctly the fluid structure interaction. The first part of project consists in the efficient coupling of the fluid and the flow solver. The wind turbine deformation will be computed using a detailed FEM solver developed at UGent, whereas the flow will be computed using a scale-resolving tool based on large-edddy simulation and HPC. The effect on the flow of the turbine will be handled with an actuator lines method. Using LES for the flow solver is a novel approach, that will capture the unsteadiness of the flow at a much higher level than the currently used URANS. This will allow to study the unsteady loads acting on the turbine, its vibration modes and the effect of deformation on the power and the wake. The developed tool will then be used to study load alleviation methods such as working on the tip speed ratio, the orientation, and performing individual pitch control. The FSI in complex situation will also be performed, such as wind turbines interacting with the wake of preceeding ones. The evolution of the loads when the turbines are subject to gusts will also be characterized, including the study of the artificial gust generation. The aeroelasticity of WTs in a floating configuration will also be investigated.

 A pre-exascale Vortex Particle-mesh solver for complex Fluid-Structure Interaction problems.Pierre BaltyWe present an accurate and highly scalable vortex particle method builds upon a Multi-Resolution discretization (MR), an Immersed Interface Method (IIM) and efficient elliptic solvers to simulate bio-inspired locomotion in 3D. This project is intended to bring all the mentioned approaches together to the next scale of computational intensity and concurrency. The consistency between our Lagrangian formulation, these advanced numerical frameworks and a HPC-oriented implementation should unlock the full potential of Belgiumâs next generation HPC architectures and thus, enable a leap in the scale of computable problems.

 Three-dimensional multi-block decomposition for automatic hexahedral mesh generation and application to fluid flow simulations.Mattéo CoupletIn computational physics, the vast majority of Partial Differential Equation (PDE) solvers rely on a spatial discretization of the bulk of the domain, typically a mesh. Thus far, geometrically complex domains are discretized predominantly using unstructured meshes, on which the PDE is subsequently solved using the Finite Element Method. Methods based on unstructured meshes are however inherently penalized in their computational efficiency. On the contrary, the regularity of block structured meshes can be leveraged to build efficient algorithms. For this reason, automatic generation of block-structured meshes is the holy grail of mesh generation. A first objective of the research project is therefore to explore new approaches for generating multiblock decompositions of general 3D domains. We will build on the recent developments in 3D frame fields and aim at improving formulations based on the constrained minimization of an energy function. A second lead that will be explored is based on the decomposition of the domain in convex sub-regions, on which existing methods are more robust. Constructing a new class of meshes is only relevant if those meshes are endowed with a true benefit in terms of CPU/GPU time and accuracy. A second objective is therefore to extend existing Computational Fluid Dynamics technologies for Cartesian grids to multiblock grids. In particular, we want to take advantage of the conformal map-like nature of the mesh to increase computational performance, and also show how our methodology can be applied to models with moving or deforming boundaries.

### Recent publications

See complete list of publications

### Journal Articles

1. Caprace, Denis-Gabriel; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire; Chatelain, Philippe. An immersed lifting and dragging line model for the Vortex Particle-Mesh method. In: Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 34, no.1, p. 21-48 (2020). doi:10.1007/s00162-019-00510-1. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/224614

2. Caprace, Denis-Gabriel; Chatelain, Philippe; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire. Wakes of rotorcraft in advancing flight: A large-eddy simulation study. In: Physics of Fluids, Vol. 32, no.8, p. 087107 (2020). doi:10.1063/5.0015162. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/232346

3. Caprace, Denis-Gabriel; Gillis, Thomas; Chatelain, Philippe. FLUPS - A Fourier-based Library of Unbounded Poisson Solvers. In: SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, (2019). (Soumis). http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225706

4. Moens, Maud; Coudou, Nicolas; Chatelain, Philippe. A numerical study of correlations between wake meandering and loads within a wind farm. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series Paper, Vol. 1256, no.1, p. 012012 (2019). doi:doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1256/1/012012. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/226752

5. Gillis, Thomas; Marichal, Yves; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire; Chatelain, Philippe. A 2D immersed interface Vortex Particle-Mesh method. In: Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 394, p. 700-718 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2019.05.033. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/216195

6. Bernier, Caroline; Gazzola, Mattia; Ronsse, Renaud; Chatelain, Philippe. Simulations of propelling and energy harvesting articulated bodies via vortex particle-mesh methods. In: Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 392, p. 34-55 (1 september 2019). doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2019.04.036. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/214744

7. Duponcheel, Matthieu; Leroi, Caroline; Zeoli, Stephanie; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire; Bricteux, Laurent; De Jaeger, Emmanuel; Chatelain, Philippe. Investigation of the complete power conversion chain for small vertical- and horizontal-axis wind turbines in turbulent winds. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1037, no.1037, p. 072046 (2018). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1037/7/072046. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/199886

8. Moens, Maud; Duponcheel, Matthieu; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire; Chatelain, Philippe. An Actuator Disk method with tip-loss correction based on local effective upstream velocities. In: Wind Energy, Vol. 21, no. 9, p. 766-782 (September 2018). doi:10.1002/we.2192. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/195476

9. Gillis, Thomas; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire; Chatelain, Philippe. Fast immersed interface Poisson solver for 3D unbounded problems around arbitrary geometries. In: Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 354, p. 403-416 (1 February 2018). doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2017.10.042. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/188791

10. LipkovÃ¡, Jana; Arampatzis, Georgios; Chatelain, Philippe; Menze, Bjoern; Koumoutsakos, Petros. S-Leaping: an adaptive, accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm, bridging Ï-leaping and R-leaping $$\tau$$ Ï -Leaping and R-Leaping. In: Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 81, no.8, p. 3074-3096 (2018). doi:10.1007/s11538-018-0464-9. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/228927

### Conference Papers

1. Lejeune, Maxime; Moens, Maud; Coquelet, Marion; Coudou, Nicolas; Chatelain, Philippe. Development of an online wind turbine wake model. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/228689

2. Henneaux, David; Schrooyen, Pierre; Barros Dias, Bruno; Turchi, Alessandro; Magin, Thierry; Chatelain, Philippe. Extended Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Solving Gas-Liquid Compressible Flows with Phase Transition. In: AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 2020, 978-1-62410-598-2, p. doi:10.2514/6.2020-2971. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/232776

3. Hufstedler, Esteban; Chatelain, Philippe. Loads Alleviation on an Airfoil via Reinforcement Learning. In: AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019, 9781624105784. doi:10.2514/6.2019-0404. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225797

4. Gillis, Thomas; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire; Chatelain, Philippe. Treatment of immersed boundaries for the Vortex Particle-Mesh method. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/226211

5. Riehl, James; Moens, Maud; Chatelain, Philippe. Coordinated Learning for Wind Farm Optimization. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/226753

6. Chatelain, Philippe; Duponcheel, Matthieu; Gillis, Thomas; Caprace, Denis-Gabriel; Balty, Pierre; Waucquez, Juan; Winckelmans, GrÃ©goire. The Vortex Particle-Mesh method: â¨application to wind turbine aerodynamics and wakes. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225477

7. Lejeune, Maxime; Coquelet, Marion; Coudou, Nicolas; Moens, Maud; Chatelain, Philippe. Development and validation of a wake model fed by blade loads estimated wind conditions. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225816

8. Lejeune, Maxime; Coquelet, Marion; Moens, Maud; Chatelain, Philippe. Characterisation and Online Update of a Vorticity-Based Wind Skeleton Wake Model. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225804

9. Coquelet, Marion; Lejeune, Maxime; Moens, Maud; Bricteux, Laurent; Chatelain, Philippe. Local estimation of wind speed and turbulence using wind turbine blades as sensors. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225970

10. Coquelet, Marion; Bricteux, Laurent; Lejeune, Maxime; Chatelain, Philippe. Biomimetic individual pitch control for wind turbines. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/225986

### Book Chapters

1. Chatelain, Philippe; Bergdorf, Michael; Koumoutsakos, Petros. Large Scale, Multiresolution Flow Simulations Using Remeshed Particle Methods. In: Meshfree Methods for Partial Differential Equations IV , Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008, p. 35-46. 978-3-540-79994-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79994-8_3. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/140440

2. Chatelain, Philippe; Curioni, Alessandro; Bergdorf, Michael; Rossinelli, Diego; Andreoni, Wanda; Koumoutsakos, Petros. Vortex Methods for Massively Parallel Computer Architectures. In: High Performance Computing for Computational Science - VECPAR 2008 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; xxx), Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, 2008, p. 479-489. 978-3-540-92858-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92859-1_42. http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/140442