Plants roots are associated with very diverse microbial communities among which endophytic bacteria and fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These microorganisms play key roles in plant health, development and productivity and may as well influence plant metabolome, thus impacting the production of secondary metabolites (SMs). Alkanna tinctoria L.

Bacteriophages (phages) are currently experiencing a renewed interest as antimicrobials, but in the dairy industry they represent a major threat due to their ability to infect and kill lactic acid bacteria (LAB), resulting in poor-quality products.

There is rising concern that several subsystems of the Earth may respond highly nonlinearly at critical future levels of anthropogenic forcing; these levels have recently been associated with tipping points (TPs).