IRES Lunch Seminar

This paper studies the effects of business school education on manager career outcomes, using evidence from the Engineering, Science, and Management War Training (ESMWT), that offered MBA-style education to middle managers and production supervisors working at U.S. war industrial facilities during WWII. Employing a regression discontinuity design (RD), I show that managers who scored right above the ESWMT entry exam threshold had a substantially higher probability of being promoted to both middle and top management positions during their career, and engaged systematically more in self-employment and innovative entrepreneurial activities than similar managers who scored right below. These effects were stronger for nonwhite and female managers. In terms of mechanisms, the increased promotions followed sizable improvements in facility performance, consistent with the idea that the program content mattered, more than with a signaling hypothesis. Finally, exposure to a network of classmates from better-performing firms resulted in higher chances of moving into peer companies and founding a business with them.

We estimate the causal effect of unemployment benefits (UB) on the transition to work and job quality by exploiting a Belgian reform that changed a constant unemployment benefit profile into a declining one, but only for claimants of unemployment benefits with low previous labor market earnings. The peculiarity of the reform is that it introduces the degressivity in two different ways for two different groups of unemployed job seekers: one group benefits from an increase of their unemployment benefits during the first three months, while another group experiences both the increase of UB and a decrease later in the spell. Leveraging rich administrative data on a sample of new entrants into unemployment before and after the implementation of this reform, we use a difference-in-difference design to estimate the causal impact of this reform on the transition to work and job quality. We compare labor market outcomes of unemployed job seekers for which a declining benefit profile was introduced with job seekers who were not affected by the reform. Our main finding is that the reform increased the transition rate to salaried employment for unemployed job seekers affected by the drop of UB later in the spell, but not for the increase during the first three months. We also find no evidence that the reform affected job quality.

Information on taxpayers is essential to efficiently allocate tax administrations' scarce resources in low income countries, but it is complex to collect. In the context of Senegal, this paper shows that a randomized low-cost communication campaign can induce some of the largest firms to submit more complete third-party reports about their service suppliers. The intervention increases the prevalence of suppliers' numerical ID in third-party reports by 52% on average. We estimate this improves identification information for about 18,546 client-suppliers pairs in total, thereby facilitating the tracking of $1.6 billion, i.e the equivalent of 6 % of GDP. Matching suppliers' ID to the tax registry and the universe of tax declaration we show that the new information increases the probability to detect payments going to under-reporting formal suppliers by 44%. A simple simulation exercise shows that exploiting the newly available information to strategically audit the largest under-reporting formal suppliers could increase audit returns by 115%.

The increasing arrival of people from different origins in high-income countries raises the issue of the coexistence and the exchange of different norms and ideas that affect productivity. This article documents the impact of immigrants birthplace diversity on workers wages at both metropolitan overall and sector-occupation population levels using US data between 2005 and 2019. It exploits the skill similarities and the high levels of interaction of workers from those groups to disentangle the diversity effects from general skill heterogeneity related to national specialisations. It also exploits the rich compositions of the 21st century's migration flows to take cultural and economic distances into account. We find that metropolitan immigrants diversity of workers from the same sectors and occupations is significantly positively related to their wages, especially for occupations with a high content in abstract tasks. These gains tend to be maximised when immigrants birthplace diversity is the result of migrations from countries close economically and culturally.

Using a novel micro-level database of Early Modern scholars and educational institutions, I study the influence of innovative knowledge on economic growth of Europe from 1500 to 1800. I exploit advanced DID estimators robust to heterogeneous treatment and staggered effects. Proxying economic development with city population, I do not find any detectable effect in the entire sample of experimental academies. However, when classifying institutions on the field of study of their members, I find that the creation of scientific academies increases population growth rates by 15% after 150 years in cities hosting them, while humanistic academies have no discernible positive effect on long-term growth. Moreover, I show that scientific academies rapidly enhance quality of universities in the same urban area. Overall, the paper provides the first evidence on the pivotal role of scientific academies in the economic growth of Europe, driving also the modernization of universities.

The present work strives to offer an interdisciplinary perspective to the study of academic communities as real-world networks, using the Old University of Louvain as case study. Building upon the metadata of the Collectio Academica Antiqua, we describe, analyze, and visualize the network behind these rare books of the premodern University of Louvain held in the collections of the two Louvain libraries. We process the metadata records from their original MARC21 XML format and perform data-cleaning techniques to retrieve the names and personal information of the historical figures who contributed to the collection under various roles. Then, we use Social Network Analysis to visualize the web of relationships among these individuals, based on shared book collaborations. We propose a novel rolling-window approach to compute time-consistent network metrics and study the evolution of the network and the role of its components, i.e., prominent figures in the history of the University. Lastly, focusing on the coauthors’ network, we introduce an innovative interpretation of Louvain scholars’ social presence, and compare it to an extant proxy of human capital.

 Enhancing the access of smallholder farmers to profitable value chains can improve their incomes and overall well-being. This requires farmers to adopt new practices and technologies that raise productivity and improve product quality. We focus on the role of the intermediating sector, particularly on the role of traders’ expectations regarding the quality of produce supplied by farmers, and analyze incentives for farmers to produce high-quality output. Our theoretical model demonstrates how quality expectations can be a self-fulfilling prophecy—perpetuating either bad equilibria (low quality, low prices) or opening up good ones (high quality, high prices)—and how an institutional innovation such as the introduction and promotion of certification services can set in motion a development trajectory from the bad to the good steady state. We conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment among wheat traders in Ethiopia to study how “demand” for high-quality crops is mediated by expectations and certification. Our experimental results provide mixed support for theoretical predictions. While trader expectations regarding farmer supply matter for trader investments, we also find that traders fail to optimally respond to new opportunities created by certification.

Co-written with Gashaw T. Abate (IFPRI), Tanguy Bernard (Bordeaux School of Economics), Erwin Bulte (Univ. Wageningen), and Elisabeth Sadoulet (UC Berkeley)

What are the origins of prosocial behavior? Can it coexist with individualistic cultural traits? In this paper, I investigate this question in the US case, following Alexis de Tocqueville (1830)’s doctrine of “self-interest, rightly understood”, which postulates that the rise of associations in America acts as a check on rising individualism. I build on the idea that when facing both extremely volatile weather conditions and a lack of state capacity, individuals are more prone to cooperate and incentives for self-reliance are weaker. I focus on the historical setting of the American frontier expansion and construct an interaction term using the Total Frontier Experience (TFE) measure from Bazzi et al. (2020) and a measure of weather variability following Buggle and Durante (2021). I show that the positive effect of TFE on individualism is lower in counties with higher weather variability. To investigate mechanisms, I look at church membership as a measure of social capital, and I find that while the overall TFE effect on church membership is negative, it turns positive in places where weather variability is high, consistently with the idea that religious institutions act as a network for risk-sharing and cultural transmission. These effects are stronger in predominantly agricultural counties and where the historical presence of the

Fair access to pharmacological and non-pharmacological mental health treatments for immigrants is essential to reach health equity goals and to support immigrants’ integration. Several studies document country-specific inequalities between immigrants and natives in the prevalence and incidence of anxiety and depression disorders. Using administrative data on health and healthcare from Spain, this paper explores inequalities between natives and immigrant groups in doctors’ prescriptions for benzodiazepines (BZDs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Both disparities in drug access and in the quantity of medication consumed for BZDs and SSRIs are investigated. All analyses are adjusted to standard demographic and socioeconomic individual controls, areas of origin to define immigrant groups, and doctors’ diagnoses of health problems as a measure of needs for medications. Regression results show that all immigrant groups are less likely than natives to be prescribed BZDs and SSRIs, and this persists in particular among diagnosed individuals. In addition, I find that all immigrant groups receive fewer units of BZD and SSRI medications. By also controlling for time-varying predictors, including a vector of weather variables across provinces over the 12 months of 2018, I show that immigrants are less treated both in terms of number of monthly prescriptions and in terms of monthly defined daily doses, a standardised measure of drug consumption capturing the quantity of active principle.  Disparities in BZDs and SSRIs prescriptions can reflect barriers in drug access, differences in individual preferences, as well as cultural beliefs and stigmatisation of mental health services.

We study the coercive military forced labor regime instituted by the French colonial authorities in colonial Mali between 1927 and 1950. Due to endemic labor scarcity, the colonial authorities resorted to activating military reservists as forced laborers for public infrastructure construction. This acted as an in-kind tax on the most productive workforce, as only the 20\% healthiest individuals were selectively recruited by the conscription system. By digitizing more than 180,000 hand-written individual soldier files as well as colonial-time district conscription tables, we find that historically speaking, the activation of military forced labor was strongly correlated with local population density and specific demands of different public infrastructure projects. We further document that the severe working conditions in this coercive labor system seems to have propelled the conscripts to join the regular army as volunteers, whose total numbers were capped. In the long run, greater exposure to forced labour seems correlated with worse human capital outcomes.

 Using disaggregated dyadic panel data on international migration flows from Indonesian districts, this paper provides causal evidence for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and international migration being substitutes. Our empirical analysis exploits regulatory changes in the Negative Investment List, a product-specific FDI policy, that have been implemented by the Indonesian government from 2007 to 2014. Using a shift-share approach to measure the district-country-pair-level exposure to the sector-specific tightening of FDI regulation, we analyze the impact of changes in bilateral FDI inflows on international migratory movements of the population living in FDI receiving areas. We document that relative reductions in dyadic FDI inflows in the aftermath of the reform triggered an increase in emigration to the investor countries, especially among those with tertiary education.

In sticky price models, the Phillips curve slope depends positively on the probability of price adjustment. I test this implication using a series for the empirical frequency of price adjustment. I find that empirically, the Phillips curve slope does depend positively on the repricing rate. My results support the implication from New Keynesian theory with Calvo pricing that the Phillips curve slope is a convex function of the repricing rate. However, at all observed values of the price adjustment frequency, the empirical Phillips curve is much flatter than sticky price models with Calvo pricing or state-dependent pricing would imply.

All countries except the US are mandating paid time off. Why? In standard labor supply models, working time regulations are inefficient as they clash with individuals' own choices. In this paper, I provide a novel welfare analysis of any working time regulations. Labor is unbundled into jobs and hours worked while firms are controlling schedules. I find that careful combinations of minimum wages and working time reductions erode monopsony power and may redistribute efficiently from firms' positive profits to workers' welfare. I disaggregate these welfare gains and losses in a model with directed search and matching frictions. I show that the elasticity of profits and employment to the reform are sufficient statistics for policy evaluation.

The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 has triggered important socio-economic changes directly affecting women, who have played an unprecedented role in protests. However, few has been said on the consequences of exposure to Arab Spring protests on the Egyptian marriage market outcomes, notably for women. Using a novel dataset from the Egypt Labour Market Panel Survey, this paper investigates the changes in marital payments, spousal characteristics and types of matches after the Arab Spring. Relying on governorate-level data, from the Statistical Database of the Egyptian Revolution, on demonstrators who died during protests, I exploit the variation in local exposure intensity to run a difference-in-difference strategy. I find that an increase of exposure to protests' intensity of 1 percentage point is associated with a decline of 1.4% in the average bride price paid by the groom and his family at marriage to women married after 2011. It however increases the average deferred dower promised by the grooms in case of separation by 5.6%. This suggests that there might be a substitution effect between the two main types of marital payments. I also show that the higher exposure rises the probability of marrying a blood-related of 0.3% in most exposed governorates, which is in line with lower bride price levels.

This study investigates the influence of peacekeeping intervention on the evolution of local conflict intensity, offering the first quantitative insights into their long-term effectiveness. Using a robust difference-in-differences approach and an event study design, it captures dynamic treatment effects annually post-deployment. The findings initially suggest a promising reduction in local fatalities due to the peacekeepers’ presence. However, accounting for unobserved country-specific differential trends nullifies the positive impacts. Upon peacekeepers’ withdrawal, local conflict may further escalate. Comparably, there is little evidence that peacekeepers are beneficial for revitalizing local economic activities, as indicated by nighttime lights. 

Given the complex nature of peacekeeping operations amidst concurrent peace talks and political agreements, the study underscores the importance of country-specific macro trends. The paper diverges significantly from previous literature, which generally indicates a positive impact of peacekeepers’ presence on short-term conflict reduction. In contrast, the study provides evidence suggesting that the mere presence of peacekeepers may not be the primary causal factor in conflict stabilization. Furthermore, the results on the nightlights raise questions regarding the extent to which a peace dividend exists and highlight the challenges of economic recovery in conflict-affected areas.

The growing economic divide between globalized urban centers and left-behind rural places is a powerful narrative in many countries. This paper uses rich administrative micro data to quantify whether urban-rural economic linkages have decreased in France over the period 1995-2015. In a set of reduced form exercises, we first show that employment growth in urban areas outperformed the rest of the country, especially in the second half of the period. This happens at the same time as a reduction in positive spillovers of urban growth to neighboring rural areas. We then build and calibrate a spatial general equilibrium model of trade and migration featuring a variety of linkages. We find little evidence of disappearing links between urban and rural territories and no role for globalization on economic linkages between urban and rural areas.

joint with F. Mayneris and D. Verdini

This paper shows that ethnically remote locations do not reap the full peace dividend from increased market access. Exploiting the staggered implementation of the U.S.-initiated Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and using high resolution data on ethnic composition and violent conflict for sub-Saharan Africa, our analysis finds that in the wake of improved trade access conflict declines less in locations that are ethnically remote from the rest of the country. We hypothesize that ethnic remoteness acts as a barrier that hampers participation in the global economy. Consistent with this hypothesis, satellite-based luminosity data show that the income gains from improved trade access are smaller in ethnically remote locations, and survey data indicate that ethnically more distant individuals do not benefit from the same positive income shocks when exposed to increased market access. These results underscore the importance of ethnic barriers when analysing which locations and groups might be left behind by globalization.

Over the last two decades, the use of targeted sanctions has been on the rise. A more recent phenomenon has been the rise of humanitarian sanctions aiming at curbing human rights abuses and corruption. Our paper focuses on the region-wide cotton ban imposed by the US government on the importation of cotton-containing products from Xinjiang since December 2020 as a case study. Using a triple-differences strategy, we observe that the US's sanction reduces the export of sanctioned products from China to the US by 20% at the intensive margin and 5 percentage points at the extensive margin. Regions such as Xinjiang and other Chinese provinces, which heavily relied on Xinjiang for cotton-containing materials, experienced more substantial losses due to the cotton ban. Additionally, we identify negative but significant spillover effects of the US's sanction on the export of cotton-containing products from China to the EU, despite the EU not imposing any trade sanctions against Chinese products. By delving into various mechanisms, the study suggests that the fear of reputational damage linked to the utilization of Xinjiang cotton-containing products could explain the observed negative spillover effects.

Leaving the parental home is a pivotal event in the life of every individual, marking the first step towards an independent adult life. In the economic literature, the role of the state in influencing the timing of the transition out of the parental home has been relatively understudied. This paper aims to bridge this gap by investigating the causal link between welfare generosity and housing autonomy. Specifically, we analyse the impact of a reform that tightened the eligibility requirements for the activation allowance - a youth-specific unemployment insurance in Belgium - on the decision to leave the parental home. We use a difference-in-differences strategy for estimating the causal impact of this reform. While the overall impact on young adults' decisions to stay at their parental home is negligible when considering both genders together, a deeper analysis reveals gender-differentiated reactions. Notably, the reform significantly influences young men's decisions to remain at the parental home. In contrast, young women demonstrate adaptability by increasing their participation in the labour market. Our paper highlights how a similar financial incentive can provoke gender-specific behavioural reactions.

Ethno-nationalist governments frequently adopt policies that challenge the status of target ethnic minorities as equal members of the nation. Such policies – even when purely symbolic – may have tangible consequences for the marginalized groups they target. We propose that exclusionary policies negatively impact the cognitive bandwidth of individuals belonging to marginalized groups. We test this hypotheses in India, where the party in power, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), promotes a nationalist ideology that favours Hindus over Muslims. We employ close to 1000 workers in the Indian state of West Bengal to work on basic data entry and information processing tasks. We randomize whether workers encounter content that mentions either symbolic or material exclusionary policies (or placebo policies). We measure how exposure to exclusionary policies affects productivity in a separate, unrelated transcription task. We also give workers the opportunity to select one of two payment contracts and we measure how treatment changes the probability of choosing the “wrong” contract in terms of earnings. Our main outcomes are accompanied by cognitively demanding tests (such as, Raven’s Matrices and a numerical Stroop task) that allow us to establish whether the treatments increase cognitive load as hypothesised.

Does mainstream media actively amplifies politicians' social media statements, and does this amplification influence individuals' political opinions? I first study cable news coverage of Donald J. Trump's tweets using novel high-frequency coverage measures for CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC. I show that Trump was able to set the agenda of cable news outlets through Twitter, with cable outlets covering his tweets minutes after these had been posted. I then leverage a large public opinion survey to investigate the impact of TV coverage of Trump's tweets on public opinion. I find that CNN's primetime coverage of Donald J. Trump's tweets caused CNN viewers to decrease their approval of President Trump hours after coverage. Conversely, primetime coverage on Fox News resulted in an increase in President Trump's approval ratings among Fox News viewers. These findings shed light on a new channel through which social media impacts political opinions.

This study examines the causal influence of digital technologies, specifically operational (ODT) and information digital technologies (IDT), on firms’ employment structure using Italian firm level data. It employs a unique empirical approach, constructing instrumental variables based on predetermined employment composition and global technological progress, proxied by patents. Findings indicate that IDT investment positively affects employment, favoring a skilled, IT-competent workforce, as supported by firms’ training and recruitment plans. Conversely, ODT investment does not significantly alter total employment but skews the workforce towards temporary contracts. The study contributes methodologically by distinguishing between ODT and IDT and highlighting nuanced employment dynamics within firms.

We study the effect of local exposure to populism on net population movements by citizenship status, gender, age and education level in the context of Italian municipalities. We present two research designs to estimate the causal effect of populist attitudes and policies. Initially, we use a combination of collective memory and trigger variables as an instrument for the variation in populist vote shares across national elections. Subsequently, we apply a regression discontinuity design to estimate the effect of electing a populist mayor on population movements. We find three converging results. First, the exposure to both populist attitudes and policies, as manifested by the vote share of populist parties in national elections or the close-election of a new populist mayor, reduces the attractiveness of municipalities and leads to larger population outflows. Second, the effect is particularly pronounced for young, female, and highly educated natives, who tend to move across Italian municipalities rather than internationally. Third, we find no effect on the foreign population. Our results highlight a foot-voting mechanism that may contribute to a political polarization in Italian municipalities.

(with L. Bellodi, F. Docquier, S. Iandolo and M. Morelli)

This paper traces the implications of the change in the delivery of seminars in economics organized by institutions worldwide to virtual seminars triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the technology shock, the number of seminars held decreased by approximately 12 percent as seminars went from in person to online delivery. The composition of seminar speakers changed significantly. Leading top economists in terms of recent research output gained shares. The share of seminars held by women increased. The geography of knowledge dissemination shifted significantly as the distance between host and speaker institutions increased on average by 32 percent. The growing inequality in presentations among speakers is correlated with an increase in inequality in terms of citations.

Extensive research by demographers and economists has shown that life expectancy differs across socioeconomic status (SES), with low-educated or low-income people living, on average, shorter lives than their better-endowed and wealthier peers. Therefore,
a pension system with a unique retirement age is a priori problematic. The usual policy recommendation to address this problem is to differentiate the retirement age by SES. This paper explores the relative merits of (partial) de-annuitization of public pensions v.s. retirement age differentiation as ways of addressing (imperfectly assessed) inequality of longevity

How does import protection affect export performance? In trade models with scale economies, import liberalization can reduce an industry's exports by cutting domestic production. We find this export destruction mechanism reduced US export growth following the normalization of trade relations with China (PNTR). But there was also an offsetting boost to exports from lower input costs. We use our empirical results to calibrate the strength of scale economies in a quantitative trade model. Counterfactual analysis implies that while PNTR increased aggregate US exports relative to GDP, exports declined in the most exposed industries because of the export destruction effect. On aggregate, the US and China both gain from PNTR, but the gains are larger for China.

In this paper, I study how candidates polarization on economic issues is affected by the existence of a second dimension along which voters are divided. Indeed, in recent years, conflicts on cultural and social issues have risen, adding a new dimension to the political debate. This has transformed a substantially unidimensional competition, focused on the left-right divide on economic issues, into a multidimensional one. I argue that political candidates can strategically use the social and cultural dimension to influence voters support for the economic policy they propose. First, when the electorate is more divided on social values, candidates tend to adopt more ambiguous positions there, which allows them to polarize more on the economic policies. Second, if voters preferences on the two dimensions are correlated, candidates platforms tend to diverge on both economic policies and their value content.

Industrial subsidies are increasingly at the center of the political, economic, and trade policy debate. Subsidization of industrial activities is often considered to distort the allocation of scarce resources and generate friction in international trade. Much attention has been devoted to direct subsidies, but there is scarce evidence on the indirect effect of government support on trade. I use detailed information on US (state and federal) subsidies to examine the effect of US government support on the export performance of industries that use subsidized goods as inputs. I address endogeneity concerns by re-adapting the shift-share instrument developed by Bown et al. (2021) to my setting. The instrument leverages on the exogenous variation in the political importance of US battleground states across electoral terms and the importance of industries within states. I estimate that industrial subsidies not only boost the export performance of the targeted industries but also increase exports of indirectly exposed (downstream) industries.

Does globalization exacerbate the economic divide between urban and rural areas? Using establishment-level data for France over the period 1995-2015, we construct the domestic firms’ linkage structures across French Employment Zones (EZ). For any EZ pair, we define a linkage as the presence of at least one establishment in both EZs that belong to the same firm or group. We complement this measure of connectedness between EZs with a proxy for domestic trade and a measure of industrial dissimilarity. Along with information about the domestic firms' linkages, we exploit municipality-level information to construct an index of urbanization degree and customs data to define various measures of exposure to globalization. We document that i) over the sample period, employment in large urban areas grows, on average, faster than in rural/medium urban EZs; ii) rural/medium urban areas’ employment growth is positively associated with the presence of firms’ linkages to large, fast-growing urban areas; eventually, but only preliminary, iii) exposure to globalization reduces the number of firms' linkages between EZs.

 

 

The distinctive traits of early settlers at initial stages of institutional development may be crucial for cultural formation. In 1973, the cultural geographer Wilbur Zelinsky postulated this in his doctrine of “first effective settlement”. There is however little empirical evidence supporting the role of early settlers in shaping culture over the long run. This paper tests this hypothesis by relating early settlers’ culture to within state variation in gender norms in the United States. I capture settlers’ culture using past female labor force participation, women’s suffrage, and financial rights at their place of origin. I document the distinctive characteristics of settlers’ populations and provide suggestive evidence in support of the transmission of gender norms across space and time. My results show that women’s labor supply is higher, in both the short and long run, in U.S. counties that historically hosted a larger settler population originating from places with favorable gender attitudes. My findings shed new light on the importance of the characteristics of immigrants and their place of origin for cultural formation in hosting societies.

This paper investigates whether the intense sterilization campaign in 1976-77 in India led to a decrease in demand for health services, with the idea that this coercive campaign could have generated distrust. We use administrative data to discuss and build a measure of coercion intensity. Outcome-wise, we focus on immunization and institutional delivery using survey data collected only a few years after the event. We take advantage of retrospective data to build a panel, to compare outcomes across siblings or children within the same village based on children’s birth date. Results show a strong decrease in use of formal medicine, with a decline of 17% in the probability to receive any vaccine post-Emergency when coercion increases by one standard deviation. Heterogeneity analysis highlights distance to health infrastructure and parents’ literacy matter.

This paper investigates the operation of the academic market in Italy, mapping current scholars’ location choices. I build a new dataset of current professors, associating each scholar with a composite indicator of their quality. The analysis includes the quality of the university and the features of the city where the institution is located. I estimate the strength of different factors: gravity (distance), agglomeration (scholars are attracted to higher quality universities), selection (better scholars travel longer distances), and sorting (the better the scholar, the more the quality of universities is weighted). I find that all of these factors have an effect, and do not vary according to scholars’ gender. I find a greater expected utility for scholars in choosing private universities over public ones, through a consistent nesting procedure. Comparing these forces to historical trends in Italian academia, the sorting effect delineates a new momentum for the current academic market in Italy.

The alleged link between immigration and crime has been amongst the key narratives behind the recent upsurge of right-wing populism all around the globe. Whether the police should systematically reveal offenders’ national origins in press releases is a highly controversial topic. Advocates of systematic disclosure argue that unconditional transparency prevents mistrust in state institutions and media, while opponents point out the risk that systematic reporting of nationality in the context of crime could promote prejudices by suggesting a causal link between citizenship and delinquency. We analyze how different reporting practices influence natives’ perceptions of immigrants. To this end, we collected over 1.5 million police press releases between 2015 and 2020 from 220 local police authorities. We apply text-mining methods to classify offenses and nationalities in individual press releases. We document large heterogeneity in practices across and within German federal states. In a second step, we map indicators of local exposure to geo-referenced survey data on individual attitudes towards migration in Germany. To establish a causal link between police practices and individual attitudes we exploit the conditionally random allocation of cases to authors with heterogeneous preferences within police stations, measured by their historic reporting behavior. In line with recent research on the representation of foreigner crime in print media, our preliminary findings suggest that a systematic indication of nationalities in all press releases would lower concern about immigration. This finding emphasizes the importance of transparency as a suitable tool to dispel fears instigated by right-wing populist rhetoric.

The focus of this study is the implications of structural transformation for gender equality, specifically equal pay, in Sub-Saharan Africa. While structural transformation affects key development outcomes, including growth, poverty, and access to decent work, its effect on the gender pay gap is not clear ex-ante. This paper provides evidence on the extent and drivers of the gender pay gap in non-farm wage- and self-employment activities across three countries at different stages of structural transformation (Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania). The analysis leverages nationally-representative survey data and decomposition methods, and is conducted separately among individuals residing in rural versus urban areas in each country. The results show that women earn 40 to 46 percent less than men in urban areas, which is substantially less than in high-income countries. The gender pay gap in rural areas ranges from (a statistically insignificant) 12 percent in Tanzania to 77 percent in Nigeria. In rural as well as urban areas, the gap is mostly explained by differences in workers’ characteristics, including education, occupation and sector. If men and women had similar characteristics, 74 percent of the rural gap and 76 percent of the urban gap would disappear. Our detailed decomposition results suggest that structural transformation does not consistently help bridge the gender pay gap. Gender-sensitive policies are required to ensure equal pay for men and women.

As second-generation immigrants from developing countries represent a sizeable share of the working-age population in developed countries, their labour market integration requires careful attention. Using a matched employer-employee database of 1.3 million observations for the Belgian private labour market between 1999 and 2016, our weighted multilevel linear regressions and reweighted, recentered influence function Oaxaca-Blinder (RIF-OB) decompositions indicate that second-generation female and male workers from developing countries earn more than their first-generation peers. Nonetheless, for each gender group, the overall wage gaps between workers born in developed countries, including Belgian natives, and workers from developing countries remain substantial across two generations to an increasing extent across the wage distribution. After accounting for a wide range of covariates (inter alia, demographics, human capital, occupations, sector and firm fixed effects), we find that, unlike the first generation, there is no clear-cut evidence of an adjusted wage gap for the second generation. Finally, reweighted RIF-OB decompositions suggest that whilst the overall wage gaps for the first generation are explained by unfavourable human capital, employment and sector characteristics, those for the second generation are mainly driven by their lower levels of age and tenure.

Eric Turkheimer famously stated as a Law "All human behavioral traits are heritable.'' But this poses a puzzle for pre-industrial demographic systems, such as the European Marriage Pattern, where individuals made behavioral choices that limited fertility. Why were these behaviors not replaced over time with those that generated higher fertility? Some have argued the solution to this puzzle is that limited fertility in the first generation was actually maximal fertility in subsequent generations. But we show that there was no fertility penalty to future generations from higher fertility in the initial generation in both England and Quebec. Here we argue instead that the European Marriage Pattern survived for more than 500 years because, for pre-industrial fertility behavior, Turkheimer's Law does not hold. Even though at the social level fertility limiting behaviors transmitted strongly, there was scant familial inheritance of fertility behaviors. So fertility enhancing deviations did not get transmitted across generations, and the European Marriage Pattern could persist indefinitely.

Targeted labour cost reductions are commonly used to tackle unemployment of disadvantaged groups in the labour market. The intent is to encourage firms to hire workers from a specific group by lowering their costs. This paper evaluates the impact of a hiring subsidy targeted to low- and medium-skilled unemployed youths in Wallonia, the French-speaking region of Belgium. As of July 2017, this scheme entitles employers hiring young workers with at most a high school diploma to a € 500 monthly subsidy up to three years. Using administrative data, we exploit the discontinuity in the age requirement to estimate the impact of the subsidy on transition to work and cumulative employment of the eligible population. We find that the subsidies do not create new job opportunities for the targeted youths in the short-run: the take up of the subsidy just produces a full deadweight loss. Moreover, there is evidence that overall employment is negatively affected, low-skilled youth turning away from regular -unsubsidized- jobs. These results are robust to different validity tests.

Joint work with Muriel Dejemeppe (IRES/UCLOUVAIN) and Matthieu Delpierre (IWEPS).

We study how slow deterioration of soil, caused by climate change, affects internal migration and household resettlement. Rural households are expected to move when they face worsening soil conditions, as soil degradation is detrimental for agricultural productivity. The other possibility is that they can get stuck in a poverty trap. We use the Integrated Household Survey in Malawi for the years 2010-2016. Soil depletion is not a random process and to account for its endogeneity, we instrument soil degradation by using distant climate shocks and controlling for recent weather conditions. We find that severe soil nutrients constraints push households to send their members away. The underlying mechanism is that soil degradation is harmful for agricultural productivity, and therefore food security, which incentivizes households to seek for better opportunities through pushing their members to migrate