ILC
Place Cardinal Mercier 31/L3.03.33
1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Accueil
- Répertoire
- Elisabeth Degand
Elisabeth Degand (Liesbeth Degand)
Professeure ordinaire
- https://uclouvain.academia.edu/LiesbethDegand
- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Liesbeth_Degand
- https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tfnqDMwAAAAJ&hl=fr
You can follow most of my work on:
My google scholar citations:
- Diplômes
Année Label Institution 1987 Candidate en philologie germanique Université catholique de Louvain 1989 Licenciée en philologie germanique Université catholique de Louvain 1990 Agrégée de l'enseignement secondaire supérieur ( philologie germanique ) Université catholique de Louvain 1997 Docteur en philosophie et lettres Université catholique de Louvain
- Les cours
Nom ID Discourse Analysis: The Paradox of Discourse Markers LCLIG2230 Comprendre le langage: une introduction à la linguistique LFIAL1131 Linguistique générale : sémantique et pragmatique LFIAL1560 Taalbeheersing en taalvariatie van het Nederlands LGERM1337 Nederlandse taalkunde: syntaxis LGERM1533 Typology and contrastive linguistics LGERM2719 Schrijven in een vreemde taal: taalkundige en cognitieve aspecten LGERM2737
My main research interests are directed towards:
- discourse studies
- discourse annotation
- spoken discourse segmentation
- the discourse grammar interface
- contrastive (corpus) linguistics
- the semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers
- grammaticalization and intersubjectification (of discourse markers)
- discourse processing (production and comprehension)
Research groups
I am a member of the Institute for Language and Communication, my main activities are with the Research group Valibel - Discours & Variation.
Running projects
- Conversational Brains (ITN Research network) - more info on https://www.cobra-network.eu/
Our team is involved in Work Package 2. The COBRA project research and training activities will focus on two major mechanisms employed by speakers in a conversational interaction, namely interactive alignment, and prediction.
WP2’s main goal is to offer an accurate characterization of the linguistic cues to alignment and prediction in conversational interactions, with a focus on the variations these linguistic cues may show in different communicative situations, including interactions with conversational agents compared with human interlocutors. Our team aims at uncovering mechanisms of prediction and alignment at the discourse level, with a focus on the role of discourse markers in topic shift prediction and the role of discourse units in interactive alignment. See also: https://www.researchgate.net/project/Prediction-and-alignment-in-discourse-WP2-of-Conversational-Brains-COBRA-Marie-Curie-ITN-
How do grammar and discourse interact? Answers from subordination, coordination and insubordination
This project is a collaboration between UCLouvain and ULiège (funded by FRS-FNRS). It sets out to investigate the grammar-discourse interface, focussing on patterns of subordination, coordination and insubordination in spoken Dutch, French, English and Spanish. See also: https://www.researchgate.net/project/How-do-grammar-and-discourse-interact-Answers-from-subordination-coordination-and-insubordination
Recent projects
- TextLink: Cost Action IS1312 (Chair), more info on: http://textlink.ii.metu.edu.tr/ (2014-2018)
The TextLink Action will facilitate European multilingualism by (1) identifying and creating a portal into such resources within Europe “including annotation tools, search tools, and discourse-annotated corpora; (2) delineating the dimensions and properties of discourse annotation across corpora; (3) organising these properties into a sharable taxonomy; (4) encouraging the use of this taxonomy in subsequent discourse annotation and in cross-lingual search and studies of devices that relate and structure discourse; and (5) promoting use of the portal, its resources and sharable taxonomy. With partners from across Europe, TextLink will unify numerous but scattered linguistic resources on discourse structure. With its resources searchable by form and/or meaning and a source of valuable correspondences, TextLink will enhance the experience and performance of human translators, lexicographers, language technology and language learners alike.
Currently TextLink has over 150 members from across our 26 member countries and 3 International Partner Countries, contributing to 4 working groups. The Action is funded by Cost (www.cost.eu), a European framework that supports trans-national cooperation among researchers, engineers and scholars across Europe.
The TextLink Action will run from 11 April 2014 to 10 April 2018.
The main hypothesis of the project is that fluency and disfluency are the two sides of the same coin and that the forms and functions of (dis)fluency markers systematically vary according to language, speaker and genre. The research methods are mainly corpus-based, with corpus analyses of spoken French (L1) and English (L1/L2) and of French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB).
The project ran from 2012 to 2017
- discourse studies
2024
Van Enschot, Renske ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Van den Bosch, Antal ; Burgers, Christian ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline ; Kunneman, Florian ; Liebrecht, Christine ; Linders, Yvette ; Maes, Alfons. Taming our Wild Data : On Intercoder Reliability in Discourse Research. In: Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 13, no.1, p. 1-24 (2024). doi:10.51751/dujal16248.
2023
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. The Conversational Discourse Unit: Identification and Its Role in Conversational Turn-taking Management. In: Dialogue & Discourse, Vol. 14, no.2, p. 83-112 (2023). doi:10.5210/dad.2023.203.
2022
Blochowiak, Joanna ; Grisot, Cristina ; Degand, Liesbeth. From implicit to explicit : The processing of forward causal and temporal relations. In: Pragmatics and Cognition : Pragmatics & Cognition, Vol. 29, no.1, p. 29-58 (2022). doi:10.1075/pc.21001.blo.
2021
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Co-occurrence and ordering of discourse markers in sequences: A multifactorial study in spoken French. In: Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 177, no.1, p. 18-28 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.006.
2021
Lecouvet, Mathieu ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Suner Munoz, Ferran. Syntax-discourse properties of prefield constituents in L2 German expository writing. In: Linguistische Berichte, Vol. 267, p. 277-308 (2021).
2021
Lecouvet, Mathieu ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Suner Munoz, Ferran. Unclogging the Bottleneck: The role of case morphology in L2 acquisition at the syntax-discourse interface. In: Language Acquisition, Vol. 28, no. 3, p. 241-271 (2021). doi:10.1080/10489223.2020.1860056.
2020
Blochowiak, Joanna ; Grisot, Cristina ; Degand, Liesbeth. What type of subjectivity lies behind French causal connectives? A corpus-based comparative investigation of car and parce que. In: Glossa, Vol. 5, no.1 (2020). doi:10.5334/gjgl.1077.
2019
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Domains and functions: A two-dimensional account of discourse markers. In: Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique, Vol. 24 (2019). doi:10.4000/discours.9997.
2019
Blochowiak, Joanna ; Degand, Liesbeth. Parce que et donc à travers les domaines d’usage : entre causalité et argumentation. . In: Nouveaux Cahiers de Linguistique Francaise, Vol. 33, no.1, p. 191-211 (2019). doi:10.13097/vasb-1xb6.
2019
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Reliability vs. granularity in discourse annotation: What is the trade-off?. In: Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 71-99 (2019).
2018
Degand, Liesbeth ; van Bergen, Geertje. Discourse Markers as Turn-Transition Devices: Evidence From Speech and Instant Messaging. In: Discourse Processes : a multidisciplinary journal, Vol. 55, no. 1, p. 47-71 (2018). doi:10.1080/0163853X.2016.1198136.
2018
Grosman, Iulia ; Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Variation de la durée des pauses silencieuses : Impact de la syntaxe, du style de parole et des disfluences. In: Langage, Vol. 211, no. 3, p. 13-40 (2018).
2017
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Annotating the meaning of discourse connectives in multilingual corpora. In: Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 399-422 (2017). doi:10.1515/cllt-2013-0022.
2017
Levshina, Natalia ; Degand, Liesbeth. Just because: In search of objective criteria of subjectivity of causal connectives.. In: Dialogue & Discourse, Vol. 8, no.1, p. 132-150 (2017).
2017
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. The clustering of discourse markers and filled pauses: A corpus-based French-English study of (dis)fluency. In: Languages in Contrast : international journal for contrastive linguistics, Vol. 17, no.1, p. 69-95 (2017). doi:10.1075/lic.17.1.04cri.
2016
Degand, Liesbeth. Omdat ik heb tot half één tentamen. Over nevenschikkend omdat in context. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 21, no.3, p. 419-431 (2016). doi:10.5117/NEDTAA2016.3.DEGA.
2015
Uygur, Deniz ; Degand, Liesbeth. "C bien alors". Contraintes communicatives sur la périphérie droite en conversations spontanées. Le cas du face-à-face, du chat et du SMS. In: Cahiers de Lexicologie, Vol. 106, p. 171-187 (2015).
2015
(De)grammaticalisatie in het Nederlands. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 20, no. 1 (2015) (2015).
2015
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Mak, Willem ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Sanders, Ted. Advanced learners' comprehension of discourse connectives: The role of L1 transfer across on-line and off-line tasks. In: Second Language Research, p. 1-23 (2015). doi:10.1177/0267658315573349.
2015
Degand, Liesbeth ; Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline. Grammaticalization or pragmaticalization of discourse markers? More than a terminological issue. . In: Journal of Historical Pragmatics, Vol. 16, no.1, p. 59-85 (2015).
2015
Bolly, Catherine ; Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Uygur, Deniz. MDMA. Identification et annotation des marqueurs discursifs “potentiels” en contexte. In: Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique, Vol. 16 (2015).
2014
Martin, Laurence ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Forme et fonction de la périphérie gauche dans un corpus oral multigenres annoté. In: Corpus, Vol. 13, p. 243-265 (2014).
2013
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Have you seen what I mean? From verbal constructions to discourse structuring markers. In: Journal of Historical Pragmatics, Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 210-235 (2013). doi:10.1075/jhp.14.2.03bol.
2012
Degand, Liesbeth ; Uygur, Deniz. C bien alors. Contraintes communicatives sur la périphérie droite en chat, sms et conversation spontanée.. In: Langue française, Vol. Diasystème et variation en français actuel : de la cueillette à l’analyse sémantique des données (Soumis).
2012
Degand, Liesbeth ; Fagard, Benjamin. Competing connectives in the causal domain: French car and parce que. In: Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 44, no. 2, p. 154-168 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.12.009.
2011
Degand, Liesbeth ; Fagard, Benjamin. Alors between Discourse and Grammar. The role of syntactic position. . In: Functions of Language, Vol. 18, no. 1, p. 29-56 (2011). doi:10.1075/fol.18.1.02deg.
2011
Degand, Liesbeth. Connectieven in de rechterperiferie. Een contrastieve analyse van dus en donc in gesproken taal. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 16, no. 3, p. 333-348 (2011).
2011
Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Fagard, Benjamin ; Mortier, Liesbeth. Historical and comparative perspectives on subjectification: A corpus-based analysis of Dutch and French causal connectives. In: Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences, Vol. 49, no. 2, p. 445-478 (2011). doi:10.1515/LING.2011.014.
2011
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie. Introduction: Grammaticalization and (inter)subjectification of discourse markers. In: Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences, Vol. 49, no. 2, p. 287-294 (2011). doi:10.1515/LING.2011.008.
2011
Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. L’analyse en unités discursives de base : pourquoi et comment ?. In: Langue française, Vol. 170, p. 45-59 (2011).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth. Plaats en functie hangen samen dus. De vraag is hoe?. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 16, no. 3, p. 352-357 (2011).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth. Waartoe dient de rechterperiferie?. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 16, no. 3, p. 323-325 (2011).
2010
Fagard, Benjamin ; Degand, Liesbeth. Cause and subjectivity, a comparative study of French and Italian.. In: Lingvisticae Investigationes : revue internationale de linguistique française et de linguistique générale = international journal of French linguistics and general linguistics, Vol. 33, no. 2, p. 179-193 (2010). doi:10.1075/li.33.2.03fag.
2010
Spooren, Wilbert ; Degand, Liesbeth. Coding coherence relations: Reliability and validity . In: Corpus linguistics and linguistic theory, Vol. 6, no. 2, p. 241-266 (2010). doi:10.1515/CLLT.2010.009.
2009
Mortier, Liesbeth ; Degand, Liesbeth. Adversative discourse markers in contrast: the need for a combined corpus approach.. In: International Journal of Corpus Lingusitics, Vol. 14, no. 3, p. 338-366 (2009). doi:10.1075/ijcl.14.3.03mor.
2009
Linearization and segmentation in discourse. In: Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique, Vol. 4 (2009). doi:10.4000/discours.7292.
2009
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. On identifying basic discourse units in speech: theoretical and empirical issues. In: Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique, Vol. 4, p. [en ligne] (2009). doi:10.4000/discours.5852.
2009
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Quelle(s) fonction(s) pour "donc" en français oral ? : Du connecteur conséquentiel au marqueur de structuration du discours. In: Lingvisticae Investigationes : revue internationale de linguistique française et de linguistique générale = international journal of French linguistics and general linguistics, Vol. 32, no. 1, p. 1-32 (2009). doi:10.1075/li.32.1.01bol.
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Fagard, Benjamin. Intersubjectification des connecteurs. Le cas de car et parce que.. In: Linguistica: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 119-136 (2008).
2008
Hempel, Susanne ; Degand, Liesbeth. Sequencers in different text genres: Academic writing, journalese and fiction. In: Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 40, no. 4, p. 676-693 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.02.001.
2007
Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Connecteurs de causalité, implication du locuteur et profils prosodiques. Le cas de car et de parce que. In: Journal of French Language Studies, Vol. 17, no. 3, p. 323-341 (2007). doi:10.1017/S095926950700302X.
2006
Lagerwerf, Luuk ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Degand, Liesbeth. Surface cues of content and tenor in texts - Introduction. In: Discourse processes, Vol. 41, no. 2, p. 111-116 (2006). doi:10.1207/s15326950dp4102_1.
2006
Bestgen, Yves ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Spooren, W. Toward automatic determination of the semantics of connectives in large newspaper corpora. In: Discourse Processes : a multidisciplinary journal, Vol. 41, no. 2, p. 175-193 (2006). doi:10.1207/s15326950dp4102_4.
2006
Degand, Liesbeth. [Gaetane Dostie. Pragmaticalisation et marqueurs discursifs. Analyse semantique et traitement lexicographique. (Champs linguistiques) Bruxelles: de boeck.duculot. 2004. 296 pages. ISBN 2-8011-1346-8.]. In: International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 19, no. 4, p. 480-483 (2006). doi:10.1093/ijl/ecl029.
2005
Pander Maat, Henk ; Degand, Liesbeth. Connectieven, Speaker Involvement en semantische lagen.. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 153-185 (2005).
2005
Identifying information and tenor in texts. In: Information Design Journal + Document Design, Vol. 13, no. 1 (2005).
2005
Identifying information and tenor in texts. Introduction. In: Information Design Journal + Document Design, Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 1-4 (2005). doi:10.1075/idjdd.13.1.01lag.
2004
Degand, Liesbeth ; Perrez, Julien. Causale connectieven in het leerdercorpus Nederlands. In: Tijdschrift n/f, Vol. 4, p. 115-128 (2004).
2003
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. Towards automatic retrieval of idioms in French newspaper corpora. In: Literary and Linguistic Computing : the journal of digital scholarship in the humanities, Vol. 18, no. 3, p. 249-259 (2003). doi:10.1093/llc/18.3.249.
2002
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. Estimating the improvement of longer texts: Can we trust subjective judgements?. In: Document Design, Vol. 3, p. 103-113 (2002). doi:10.1075/dd.3.2.01deg.
2002
Degand, Liesbeth ; Sanders, Ted. The impact of relational markers on expository text comprehension in L1 and L2. In: Reading and Writing : an interdisciplinary journal, Vol. 15, no. 7-8, p. 739-758 (2002). doi:10.1023/A:1020932715838.
2001
Pander Maat, Henk ; Degand, Liesbeth. Scaling causal relations and connectives in terms of speaker involvement. In: Cognitive linguistics, Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 211-245 (2001).
2000
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal connectives or causal prepositions? Discursive constraints. In: Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 32, no. 6, p. 687-707 (2000). doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00066-1.
2000
Degand, Liesbeth. Contextual constraints on causal sequencing in informational texts. In: Functions of Language, Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 173-201 (2000). doi:10.1075/fol.7.2.02deg.
1999
Degand, Liesbeth ; Lefèvre, Nathalie ; Bestgen, Yves. The impact of connectives and anaphoric expressions on expository discourse comprehension. In: Document Design : journal of research and problem solving in organizational communication, Vol. 1, p. 39-51 (1999).
1998
Schelstraete, Marie-Anne ; Degand, Liesbeth. Assignment of grammatical functions in French relative clauses. In: Language Sciences, Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 163-188 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0388-0001(97)00031-4.
1998
Degand, Liesbeth. Het ideationele gebruik van want en omdat: een geval van vrije variatie?. In: Nederlandse Taalkunde, Vol. 3, p. 309-336 (1998).
1995
Degand, Liesbeth. Causatives and Transitivity : Review of B. Comrie and M. Polinsky (eds.) John Benjamins. In: Functions of Language, Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 98-101 (1995).
2024
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Connectives and Discourse relations (Key Topics in Semantics and Pragmatics), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2024. 9781108832991. 268 p.
2022
Discourse Markers in Interaction : From Production to Comprehension, éd. Cuenca, Maria-Josep ; Degand, Liesbeth (Trends in Linguistics; 5), Mouton De Gruyter: Berlin, 2022. 9783110790351. doi:10.1515/9783110790351.
2019
Fluency and Disfluency across Languages and Language Varieties., éd. Degand, Liesbeth ; Gilquin, Gaëtanelle ; Meurant, Laurence ; Simon, Anne-Catherine (Corpora and Language in Use), Presses universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la-Neuve, 2019. 288 p.
2014
In het teken van identiteit. Taal en cultuur van de Nederlanden, éd. Degand, Liesbeth ; Hiligsmann, Philippe ; Rasier, Laurent ; Sergier, Matthieu ; Vanasten, Stéphanie ; Van Goethem, Kristel (Transversalités), Presses universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la-Neuve, 2014. 978-2-87558-294-2. 279 p.
2013
Across the line of speech and writing variation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Approaches to Text Structuring (LPTS 2011), éd. Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth (Corpora and Language in Use; 2), Presses universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique, 2013. 9782875582201. 212 p.
2013
Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and description. , éd. Degand, Liesbeth ; Cornillie, Bert ; Pietrandrea, Paola (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series; 234), John Benjamins: Amsterdam, 2013. 978-9-0272-5639-3. 239 p.
2005
Neerlandistiek in Frankrijk en in Franstalig België / Les études néerlandaises en France et en Belgique francophone, éd. Hiligsmann, Philippe ; Beheydt, Ludovic ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Godin, Pierre ; Vanderlinden, Sonja (Langues & cultures; 1), Academia Bruylant / Presses Universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la-Neuve, 2005. 2-87416-011-3. 505 p.
2003
Determination of Information and Tenor in Texts: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Discourse 2003, éd. Lagerwerf, Luuk ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Degand, Liesbeth, VU Stichting Neerlandistiek & Nodus Publikationen: Münster, 2003. 3893234500. 304 p.
2001
Degand, Liesbeth. Form and Function of Causation. A theoretical and empirical investigation of causal constructions in Dutch, (Studies op het gebied van de nederlandse taalkunde; 5), Peeters: Leuven, 2001. 90-429-0929-3. 250 p.
2001
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Discourse, éd. Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Van Waes, Luuk, VU Stichting Neerlandistiek & Nodus Publikationen: Münster, 2001. 90-72365-68-2. 150 p.
2022
Degand, Liesbeth ; Broisson, Zoé ; Crible, Ludivine ; Grzech, Karolina. Cross-Linguistic Variation in Spoken Discourse Markers. In: Peterson, Elizabeth; Kern, Joseph; Hiltunen, Turo, Discourse-Pragmatic Variation and Change: Theory, Innovations, Contact, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, p. 83-104. 978-1-108-83620-3.
2022
Broisson, Zoé ; Degand, Liesbeth. How egocentric is discourse marker use? Investigating the impact of speaker orientation and cognitive load on discourse marker production. In: Maria Josep Cuenca and Liesbeth Degand, Discourse Markers in Interaction (Trends in linguistics; 5), Mouton De Gruyter: Berlin, 2022, p. 121-158. 9783110790351. doi:10.1515/9783110790351-006.
2021
Degand, Liesbeth ; Crible, Ludivine. Discourse markers at the peripheries of syntax, intonation and turns : Towards a cognitive-functional unit of segmentation. In: Daniël Van Olmen and Jolanta Šinkūnienė, Pragmatic Markers and Peripheries (Pragmatics and Beyond Newe Series; 325), John Benjamins Publishing: Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2021, p. 19-48. 9789027209306. doi:10.1075/pbns.325.01deg.
2021
WU, Yaru ; Hutin, Mathilde ; Vasilescu, ioana ; Lamel, Lori ; Adda-Decker, Martine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Fine phonetic details for discourse marker disambiguation: a corpus-based investigation. In: Collectif, Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS 2021), 2021, p. 23-28. 9783110790351.
2019
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal relations between discourse and grammar: Because in spoken French and Dutch. In: Óscar Loureda, Inés Recio Fernández, Laura Nadal, Adriana Cruz, Empirical Studies of the Construction of Discourse (Pragmatics and Beyond - new series), John Benjamins: Amsterdam, 2019, 131-150.
2018
Van Damme, Thomas ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Eychenne, Julien. L’interprétation des disfluences dans la délimitation des unités de discours. Une proposition de traitement pratique.. In: Elisabeth Richard (éd.), Des organisations dynamiques de l'oral (Sciences pour la communication), Peter Lang, 2018, 307-323. 978-3-0343-3136-4.
2017
Bolly, Catherine ; Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Uygur, Deniz. Towards a Model for Discourse Marker Annotation in spoken French: From potential to feature-based discourse markers. In: Andrea Sanso, Chiara Fedriani, Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles: What do we Know and Where do we Go from Here? (Studies in Language Companion Series), John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam, 2017, 73-99.
2016
Degand, Liesbeth ; Zufferey, Sandrine. French connectives. In: The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, JohnWiley & Sons, 2016, p. 1-6. 9781405198431. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.
2014
Degand, Liesbeth. 'So very fast very fast then' Discourse markers at left and right periphery in spoken French. . In: Beeching, Kate and Ulrich Detges, Discourse Functions at the Left and Right Periphery: Crosslinguistic Investigations of Language Use and Language Change. (Studies in Pragmatics; 12), Brill: Leiden, 2014, p. 151-178. 978-90-04-27480-8.
2014
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Tanguy, Noalig ; Van Damme, Thomas. Initiating a discourse unit in spoken French: Prosodic and syntactic features of the left periphery. In: Salvador Pons Bordería, Discourse Segmentation in Romance Languages (Pragmatics and beyon New Series; 250), John Benjamins: Amsterdam, 2014, 243-273.
2014
Degand, Liesbeth ; Hiligsmann, Philippe ; Rasier, Laurent ; Sergier, Matthieu ; Vanasten, Stéphanie ; Van Goethem, Kristel. Inleiding. In: Liesbeth Degand, Philippe Hiligsmann, Laurent Rasier, Matthieu Sergier, Stéphanie Vanasten, Kristel Van Goethem (eds.), In het teken van identiteit. Taal en cultuur van de Nederlanden (Transversalités), Presses universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la-Neuve, 2014, p. 11-17. 978-2-87558-294-2.
2013
Degand, Liesbeth ; Cornillie, Bert ; Pietrandrea, Paola. Modal particles and discourse markers: Two sides of the same coin? Introduction.. In: Degand, Liesbeth, Cornillie, Bert, Pietrandrea, Paola, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles: Categorization and description. (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series; 234), John Benjamins: Amsterdam, 2013, p. 1-18. 978-9-0272-5639-3.
2012
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Passer du perçu à l'inaperçu: Quelle grammaticalisation pour "vu que"?. In: Marleen Van Peteghem, Peter Lauwers, Els Tobback, Annemie Demol, Laurence De Wilde, Le verbe en verve. Réflexions sur la syntaxe et la sémantique verbales, Academia Press: Gent, 2012, 611-634.
2010
Spooren, Wilbert ; Sanders, Ted ; Huiskes, Mike ; Degand, Liesbeth. Subjectivity and causality : a corpus study of spoken language. In: Rice, S. and Newman, J. (eds.), Empirical and experimental methods in cognitive/functionnal research, CSLI Publications, 2010, p. 241-255. 978-1-57586-613-0.
2009
Degand, Liesbeth. Describing polysemous discourse markers. What does translation add to the picture ?. In: Slembrouck, Stef; Taverniers, Miriam; Van Herreweghe Mieke (eds.), From will to well. Studies in linguistics offered to Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen, Academia Press: Gent, 2009, p. 173-183. 978-90-382-1496-2.
2009
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Mapping prosody and syntax as discourse strategies: How Basic Discourse Units vary across genres. In: Anne Wichmann, Dagmar Barth-Weingarten, Nicole Dehé, Where prosody meets pragmatics: research at the interface, Emerald: Bingley, 2009, p. 79-105. 978-1-84950-631-1.
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Minimal discourse units in spoken French: Uncovering genre-bound segmentation strategies. In: Wiebke Ramm and Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen, Linearisation and Segmentation in Discourse. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Discourse 2008., Dept. of Literature, Area Studies and Europ. Languages: Oslo, 2008, 31-41.
2006
Degand, Liesbeth. Speech acts and grammar. In: Brown Keith, Encyclopeadia of language and linguistics (2nd édition), vol. 11, Elsevier: Oxford, 2006, p. 673-678.
2005
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. 'My brother, he drives like crazy'. Contextual salience, linguistic marking and discourse organisation in spoken French. In: Manfred Stede, Chiarcos, Chr., Grabski, M., Lagerwerf, L., Salience in discourse: multidisciplinary approaches to discourse 2005, Nordus Publikationen: Münster, 2005, pp. 43-52. 978-3-89323-749-4.
2005
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. De impact van causale connectieven op tekstbegrip door Franstalige leerders van het Nederlands met verschillende niveaus van taalvaardigheid. In: Hiligsmann Ph., Beheydt L., Degand L., Godin P., Vanderlinden S. (eds.), Nederlandistiek in Frankrijk en in Franstalig België/Les études néerlandaises en France et en Belgique francophone, Academia Bruylant. Presses universitaires de Louvain: Louvain-la-Neuve, 2005, p. 193-206. 978-2-87209-814-9.
2005
Degand, Liesbeth. De l'analyse contrastive à la traduction : le cas de la paire puisque-aangezien. In: Williams G., La linguistique de corpus, Presses universitaires de Rennes: Rennes, 2005, p. 155-168. 978-2-7535-0046-4.
2004
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. Connecteurs et analyses de corpus: de l'analyse manuelle à l'analyse automatisée. In: Porhiel P. Klingler D., L'unité texte (Perspectives), Pleyben, 2004, p. 49-74.
2004
Degand, Liesbeth. Contrastive analyses, translation and speaker involvement : the case of "puisque" and "aangezien". In: Achard Michel, Kemmer Suzanne (eds.), Language, culture and mind, CSLI Publications: Stanford (Canada), 2004, p. 251-270. 1-57586-464-9.
2003
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk. A contrastive study of Dutch and French causal connectives on the speaker involvement scale. In: Verhagen A., van de Weijer J. (eds.), Usage based approaches to Dutch, LOT: Utrecht, 2003, p. 175-199. 90-76864-47-0.
2003
Bestgen, Yves ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Spooren, Wilbert. On the use of automatic techniques to determine the semantics of connectives in large newspaper corpora: an explorative study. In: Lagerwerf, L. Spooren, W. Degand, L., Determination of information and tenor in Texts: MAD 03, Stichting Neerlandistiek: Amsterdam, 2003, p. 189-202.
2001
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. What do subjective judgements tell us about text improvement? A case study. In: Degand L., Bestgen, Y., Spooren, W., & van Waes, L., Multidisciplinary Approaches to Discourse, Nodus Publikationen: Muenster, 2001, p. 195-204.
1996
Degand, Liesbeth. A Dutch component for a multilingual systemic text generation system. In: Adorni Giovani, Zock Michael, Trends in Natural Language Generation. An artificial Intelligence Perspective, Springer Verlag: Berlin / Heidelberg, 1996, p. 350-367. 978-3-540-60800-4.
1996
Degand, Liesbeth. Causation in Dutch and French. In: Ruqaiya Hasan, Carmel Cloran, Deavid Butt (eds.), Interpersonal Aspects, Functional Descriptions : Theory in Practice, 1996, 207-237.
1996
Degand, Liesbeth. Causation in Dutch and French. Interpersonal Aspects. In: Ruqaiya Hasan, Carmel Cloran, David Butt, Functional Descriptions: Theory in Practice (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 121), John Benjamins: Amsterdam, 1996, p. 207-237. 9789027236241.
1996
Teich, Elke ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Bateman, John. Multilingual Textuality : some experiences from multilingual text generation. In: Adorni Giovani, Zock Michael, Trends in Natural Language Generation. An artificial Intelligence Perspective, Springer Verlag: Berlin / Heidelberg, 1996, p. 331-349. 978-3-540-60800-4.
1994
Degand, Liesbeth. La génération multilingue : des convergences aux divergences. In: Bouillon Pierrette et Clas André, TA-TAO : recherches de pointe et applications immédiates, Editions Classiques d'Expression Française (EDICEF): Montréal, 1994, p. 39-56. 978-2-909611-09-9.
1993
Degand, Liesbeth ; Lerot, Jacques ; Everaert, Guy. Réseaux sémantiques et génération. In: Bouillon Pierrette et Clas André, Ta traductique : études et recherches en traduction automatique, Presses de l'Université de Québec et AUPELF/UREF: Québec, 1993, p. 446-453.
2024
Escouflaire, Louis. Car vs. Parce que: A challenge for both humans and LLMs. IL&C Poster Day 2024 (Institut Langage & Communication, UCLouvain) (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique, 09/02/2024).
2024
Hutin, Mathilde ; Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. Uh, um and mh: Are filled pauses prone to conversational convergence?. INTERSPEECH (Ros Island, du 01/09/2024 au 05/09/2024).
2024
Escouflaire, Louis ; Blochowiak, Joanna ; Degand, Liesbeth ; de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine. Which connective fits best: ‘car’ or ‘parce que’? A challenge for both humans and LLMs. JADT 2024: 17th International Conference on Statistical Analysis of Textual Data (Brussels, Belgium, du 25/06/2024 au 27/06/2024). In: JADT 2024 Proceedings: 17th International Conference on Statistical Analysis of Textual Data, JADT: Brussels, 2024. 979-12-80153-31-9, Vol.1, 319-328.
2023
Van Praet, Wout ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Van linden, An. As if grammar, discourse and prosody don’t interact: Comparative study of hypothetical manner clauses in English and Dutch. 56th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europeae (Athens, du 29/08/2023 au 01/09/2023).
2023
Van Praet, Wout ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Van linden, AN. As if grammar, discourse, and prosody don't interact: A comparative study of hypothetical manner clauses in English and Dutch. PLIN Linguistic Day 2023 (Louvain-la-Neuve, 27/04/2023).
2023
Van Praet, Wout ; Degand, Liesbeth. Clause-combining at the grammar-discourse interface in French. 18th International Pragmatics Conference (Brussels, du 09/07/2023 au 14/07/2023).
2023
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. Do speakers align at the discourse level? The role of discourse segments in task-oriented dialogue . Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse (ST&D 2023) (Oslo, Norway, du 28/06/2023 au 30/06/2023).
2023
Hutin, Mathilde ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Allassonnière-Tang, Marc. Investigating the Syntax-Discourse Interface in the Phonetic Implementation of Discourse Markers. INTERSPEECH 2023. In: Proceedings of Interspeech, Vol. 2023, no.2023, p. 2958-1796 (2023). doi:10.21437/interspeech.2023-1619.
2023
Degand, Liesbeth ; Royo Viñuales, Víctor ; Van linden, An ; Van Praet, Wout. Panel Introduction: Clause combining at the discourse-grammar interface. 18th International Pragmatics Conference (Brussels, du 09/07/2023 au 14/07/2023).
2023
Royo Viñuales, Víctor ; Van Praet, Wout ; Degand, Liesbeth. Subordination et insubordination. Entre discours et grammaire: le cas de comme si. ILC Posters Day (Louvain-la-Neuve, 17/02/2023).
2023
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. The role of conversational discourse units in backchanneling: A case study of OKAY based on task-oriented English dialogues . The 10th biennial meeting of Experimental Pragmatics (Paris, France, du 20/09/2023 au 22/09/2023).
2022
Royo Viñuales, Víctor ; Van Praet, Wout ; Degand, Liesbeth. Comme si t'allais réussir! Distribution sémantico-syntaxique des constructions introduites par comme si à l'interface subordination-insubordination. Linguists' Day (Liège, 21/10/2022).
2022
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. Discourse alignment in English dialogue: Converging on discourse segments in instructive sequences. The 55th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (SLE 2022). (Bucharest, Romania., du 24/08/2022 au 27/08/2022).
2022
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. Discourse alignment in English dialogue: Converging on discourse segments in instructive sequences.. CBL-BKL Linguists' Day 2022 (Leigè, Belgium., 21/10/2022).
2022
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. Do speakers align at the discourse level? The role of discourse segments in task-oriented dialogue.. CogLing Days 2022 (Tilburg, The Netherland, du 08/12/2022 au 09/12/2022).
2022
Villalobos Cardozo, Mercedes ; Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Predicting topic in conversation: A study of turn initial discourse markers in Spanish. 55th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea [SLE 2022] (Bucharest, Rumania, du 23/08/2022 au 25/02/2023).
2022
Villalobos Cardozo, Mercedes ; Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Predicting topic in conversation: A study of turn initial discourse markers in Spanish. DisCorX 2.0 (Bern, Switzerland, du 17/11/2022 au 18/11/2022).
2021
Royo Viñuales, Víctor ; Van linden, An ; Degand, Liesbeth. Adverbial Insubordination in Interaction: a pilot study on hypothetical-comparative constructions in French and Spanish. Linguists’ Day 2021 of the Linguistic Society of Belgium (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 22/10/2021).
2021
Villalobos Cardozo, Mercedes ; Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Are discourse markers useful to predict change of topic in an interaction?. ILC Day 10 + 1 (Université catholique de Louvain, 25/11/2022).
2021
Hu, Junfei ; Degand, Liesbeth. Conversational discourse units in conversational turn-taking management. . ILC Day 10 + 1 (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 25/11/2021).
2021
Degand, Liesbeth. Discourse Markers as markers of (dis)fluency: The role of peripheral position. DISS 2021 (Université Paris 8, du 25/02/2021 au 27/02/2023).
2021
Villalobos Cardozo, Mercedes ; Ludivine, Crible ; Degand, Liesbeth. Markers of local and global discourse structure in dialogue: from production to prediction. Discourse in corpus and experimental data: Bridging the methodological gap (Online, du 18/03/2021 au 19/03/2021).
2019
Grosman, Iulia ; Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Empathetic hearers perceive repetitions as less disfluent, especially in non-broadcast situations. DiSS 2019 Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech with an additional special day on (Dis)Fluency in Children’s Speech (Budapest (Hungary), du 12/09/2019 au 14/09/2019). In: Proceedings of DiSS 2019, 2019.
2019
Degand, Liesbeth. The paradox of Discourse Markers: Evidence from production under cognitive load.. 6th International Conference on Discourse Markers in Romance Languages (Bergamo, du 29/05/2019 au 31/05/2019).
2019
Degand, Liesbeth. The paradox of Discourse Markers: Evidence from production under cognitive load.. 6th International Conference on Discourse Markers in Romance Languages (University of Bergamo, du 29/05/2019 au 31/05/2019).
2018
Degand, Liesbeth ; Crible, Ludivine ; Grzech, Karolina. A multi-dimensional, multi-functional and multilingual account of discourse marker variation. DIPVAC4: Discourse-Pragmatic Variation and Change (University of Helsinki, du 28/05/2018 au 30/05/2018).
2018
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal relations between discourse and grammar. A contrastive perspective.. One Brain - Two Grammars? Examining dualistic approaches to language and cognition (University of Rostock, du 01/03/2018 au 02/03/2018).
2018
Degand, Liesbeth. Discourse Markers as (dis)fluency markers.. IWODA 2018 (Santiago de Compostella, du 26/09/2018 au 27/09/2018).
2018
Degand, Liesbeth ; Crible, Ludivine ; Grzech, Karolina. Functions and domains of discourse markers across languages: Testing a two-dimensional annotation scheme. Cross-linguistic Discourse Annotation: Applications and Perspectives (TextLink2018) (Toulouse, France, du 19/03/2018 au 21/03/2018).
2017
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Grzech, Karolina. From connective to interpersonal functions: variation of discourse marker use in French, English and Polish. 5th International Conference on Discourse Markers in the Romance Languages (DisRom 2017) (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, du 08/11/2017 au 10/11/2017).
2017
Christodoulides, George ; Grosman, Iulia ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Methodologies for Modelling Silent Pause Length. Insights on Individual and Situational Variation from a Large-Scale Corpus Study. International Conference on Fluency and Disfluency Across Languages and Language Varieties (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, du 15/02/2017 au 17/02/2017).
2017
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Polysemy and polyfunctionality: A two-dimensional account of discourse markers. Particles and the Dimensions of Meaning (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, du 29/06/2017 au 30/06/2017).
2017
Grosman, Iulia ; Christodoulides, George ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Prosodic Variation of Identical Repetitions as a Function of their Properties and Editing Terms. A Large-Scale Corpus Study on French Speech. International Conference on Fluency and Disfluency Across Languages and Language Varieties (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, du 15/02/2017 au 17/02/2017).
2017
Degand, Liesbeth ; Crible, Ludivine. Revisiting the role of syntax in discourse marker annotation. 50th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (Zurich, Switzerland, du 10/09/2017 au 13/09/2017).
2017
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Testing interdependent annotation levels for sense disambiguation in spoken English, French and Polish. 50th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (Zurich, Switzerland, du 10/09/2017 au 13/01/2017).
2016
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal relations between discourse and grammar.. CoCoLaC Seminar “Types and Expressions of Causal and other Logical Relations” (University of Helsinki, 21/10/2016).
2016
Degand, Liesbeth. Discourse segmentation and discourse markers in spoken French. 9èmes journées de linguistique Suisse 2016 (Université de Genève, du 29/06/2016 au 01/07/2016).
2016
Degand, Liesbeth. Explorations at the discourse level: Basic Discourse Units, Discourse Markers, and more. CLiPS colloquium Discourse (Universiteit Antwerpen, 06/06/2016).
2016
Degand, Liesbeth. Exploring the discourse level: Basic Discourse Units, Discourse Markers, and more. Grammar & Cognition Symposium (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 24/03/2016).
2016
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Interdependence of annotation levels in a functional taxonomy for discourse markers in spoken corpora. TextLink Second Action Conference (Budapest, Hungary, du 11/04/2016 au 14/04/2016). In: Conference Handbook, TextLink Second Action Conference (Debrecen University Press), 2016, 36-39.
2016
Degand, Liesbeth. Spoken discourse segmentation and the paradox of discourse markers.. L&C talk (MPI Nijmegen, 23/03/2016).
2015
Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Functions and syntax of discourse connectives across languages and genres: towards a multilingual annotation scheme. International Pragmatics Association (IprA) conference (Antwerpen, du 26/07/2015 au 31/07/2015).
2015
Levshina, Natalia ; Degand, Liesbeth. Just because: In search of an objective approach to subjectivity. International Pragmatics Association (IprA) conference (Antwerpen, du 26/07/2015 au 31/07/2015).
2015
Degand, Liesbeth. Marqueurs discursifs en traduction à l’oral. Les sous-titres de film sont-ils le reflet de la conversation spontanée ?. 4th International Symposium of Romance Discourse Markers (Heidelberg, du 06/05/2015 au 09/05/2015).
2014
Degand, Liesbeth ; Zufferey, Sandrine. Advanced learners’ sensitivity to misuses of connectives during on-ling processing: The role of L1 transfer. 11th International Conference on General Linguistics (Pamplona, du 21/05/2014 au 23/05/2014).
2014
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Form and function of the left periphery in a multigenre spoken corpus. CSDL (Conceptual Structure, Discourse, and Language) (Santa Barbara, California, du 11/11/2014 au 13/11/2014).
2014
Degand, Liesbeth ; Martin, Laurence ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. LOCAS-F : un corpus oral multigenres annoté. Congrès Mondial de Linguistique française (Berlin, du 19/07/2014 au 23/07/2014). In: CMLF 2014 - 4 ème Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française, EDP Sciences: Berlin, 2014, 2613-2626. doi:10.1051/shsconf/20140801211.
2014
Degand, Liesbeth. Rôle de la position dans la définition des marqueurs discursifs. A l'articulation du lexique, de la grammaire et du discours : marqueurs grammaticaux et marqueurs discursifs (Paris, du 03/04/2014 au 05/04/2014).
2014
Bolly, Catherine ; Crible, Ludivine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Uygur, Deniz. Towards a Model for Discourse Marker Annotation in spoken French: From potential to feature-based discourse markers. Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles: What do we know and where do we go from here? (Università dell'Insubria, Como, du 16/10/2014 au 17/10/2014).
2014
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Francard, Michel ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Valibel. La gestion des corpus oraux à l'ère du numérique. Corpus de français parlés et français des corpus (University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, du 08/05/2014 au 09/05/2014).
2014
Degand, Liesbeth. Variation in discourse marker use. Position matters!. Discourse-Pragmatic Variation & Change 2 (Newcastle, du 07/04/2014 au 09/04/2014).
2013
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Mak, Willem ; Sanders, Ted. Advanced learners’ sensitivity to misuses of connectives during on-ling processing: The role of L1 transfer.. EUROSLA 23 (Amsterdam, du 28/08/2013 au 31/08/2013).
2013
Ciabarri, Federica ; Uygur, Deniz ; Degand, Liesbeth. Contrastive analysis of confirmation markers in Dutch, French and Italian. Genre- and Register-Related Text and Discourse Features in Multilingual Corpora (Institut libre Marie Haps, Brussels, Belgium, du 11/01/2013 au 12/01/2013).
2013
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Explicit and implicit discourse relations across languages. 13th International Pragmatics Conference (New Delhi, du 08/09/2013 au 13/09/2013).
2013
Degand, Liesbeth. Identification of potential discourse markers in spoken French. International Workshop on Discourse Annotation (Utrecht, 21/06/2013).
2013
Degand, Liesbeth ; Traugott, Elizabeth. The Pragmatics of Linguistic Elements at Right Periphery: An Overview.. 13th International Pragmatics Conference (New Delhi, du 08/09/2013 au 13/09/2013).
2013
Degand, Liesbeth ; Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. The clustering of ‘fluencemes’ in French and English. 7th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (ICLC 7) - 3rd conference on Using Corpora in Contrastive and Translation Studies (UCCTS 3) (Ghent, du 11/07/2013 au 13/07/2013).
2013
Degand, Liesbeth. The intersubjectification of discourse markers. A case of secondary grammaticalisation?. International Conference of Historical Linguistics (Oslo, du 05/08/2013 au 09/08/2013).
2013
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Degand, Liesbeth. The role of L1 transfer in misuse of discourse connectives by advanced L2 learners.. workshop on Native language influence in second language acquisition at the 19th International Conference of Linguistics (Genève, du 22/07/2013 au 27/07/2013).
2013
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Vers une définition de la périphérie gauche des unités du discours en termes prosodiques et syntaxiques. Workshop models of discourse units in romance languages (Heidelberg, du 04/11/2013 au 05/11/2013).
2012
Uygur, Deniz ; Degand, Liesbeth. Communicative constraints on right-peripheral alors : A contrastive study of conversation, SMS, and Chat. International Conference on grammaticalization theory and data (Rouen, du 10/05/2012 au 11/05/2012).
2012
Ciabarri, Federica ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Uygur, Deniz. Contrastive analysis of confirmation markers : An exploratory study on Dutch, French and Italian spontaneous conversations. Poster's Day (IL&C) (Hôtel Mercure de Louvain-la-Neuve, du 20/04/2012 au 20/04/2012).
2012
Degand, Liesbeth ; Zufferey, Sandrine. Defining a taxonomy of rhetorical relations for a multilingual database of connectives. MULDICO Workshop (Jena (Germany), du 18/10/2012 au 20/10/2012).
2012
Zufferey, Sandrine ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Popescu-Belis, Andrei ; Sanders, Ted. Empirical validations of multilingual annotation schemes for discourse relations. In: Proceedings of the 8th Joint ISO-ACL SIGSEM Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation, http://sigsem.uvt.nl/isa8/proceedings.html. Pisa, 2012, 77-84.
2012
Degand, Liesbeth ; Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline. Grammaticalization or pragmaticalization of discourse markers? More than a terminological issue. New Reflections on Grammaticalization 5 (Edinburgh, du 16/07/2012 au 19/07/2012).
2012
Tanguy, Noalig ; Van Damme, Thomas ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Les compléments différés à l’oral Étude syntaxique, prosodique et discursive.. Réanalyses. 2e Colloque suisse de macro-syntaxe (Neuchâtel, du 05/09/2012 au 07/09/2012).
2012
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Tanguy, Noalig ; Van Damme, Thomas. Vers une redéfinition de la notion de périphérie gauche à partir d’une annotation syntaxique et prosodique d’un corpus oral multigenres.. Journée d'étude Conscila "Annotation syntaxique de corpus oraux. Projets récents et perspectives" (Paris, 07/12/2012).
2012
Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Tanguy, Noalig ; Van Damme, Thomas ; Degand, Liesbeth. Éléments en périphérie gauche des unités de base du discours: quelles formes et quelles fonctions? . Colloque Cohérence Discursive et Prosodie (Lille, 29/05/2012).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth. From connective to discourse particle: The case of donc and alors in spoken French. 12th International Pragmatics Conference (Manchester, du 03/07/2011 au 08/07/2011).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth. Le rôle de la position syntaxique dans l’émergence des ponctuants. Journée d’étude sur l’étude des ponctuants (Paris 3, 11/03/2011).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth ; Eychenne, Julien ; Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Van Damme, Thomas. L’interprétation des hésitations dans la délimitation des unités de discours. Conférence internationale : (Dés)organisation de l’oral (Rennes, du 24/03/2011 au 25/03/2011).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth ; Cornillie, Bert ; Pietrendrea, Paola. Modal particles and discourse markers: Two sides of the same coin?, . 12th International Pragmatics Conference (Manchester, du 03/07/2011 au 08/07/2011).
2011
Degand, Liesbeth. Speech as the driving force of semantic change: On the rise of metadiscursive markers in French. International workshop on Gradualness in change and its relation to synchronic variation and use (Pavia, du 30/05/2011 au 31/05/2011).
2011
Fagard, Benjamin ; Degand, Liesbeth. Time of utterance and discourse uses of adverbials. LPTS – linguistic and psycholinguistic approaches to text structuring (Louvain-la-Neuve, du 16/11/2011 au 18/11/2011).
2010
Degand, Liesbeth. Connectieven in de rechterperiferie. Een contrastieve analyse van dus en donc in gesproken taal. . Dag van de Nederlandse Zinsbouw (Gent, 29/10/2010).
2010
Degand, Liesbeth. Intersubjectivity in the right periphery: the case of donc and alors. GRAMIS (Bruxelles, du 10/11/2010 au 11/11/2010).
2010
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon , Anne-Catherine. L’analyse en unités de base du discours – pourquoi et comment. Unités syntaxiques et unités prosodiques. Journée d’étude internationale (Paris 3, 19/03/2010).
2010
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Évolution de la conjonction "vu que" en français. Un cas de "non-grammaticalisation"?. Colloque Dia sur la variation et le changement en langue (langues romanes) (Gent Universiteit, Belgium, du 13/09/2010 au 15/09/2010).
2009
Mortier, Liesbeth ; Degand, Liesbeth. A Combined Corpus Approach to the Study of Adversative Discourse Markers.. Fifth International Conference on Corpus Linguistics (Liverpool, du 21/07/2009 au 23/07/2009).
2009
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Frequency effects on the evolution of discourse markers in spoken vs. written French. International Corpus Linguistics Conference (CL 2009) (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, du 21/07/2009 au 23/07/2009).
2009
Degand, Liesbeth. From temporal adverbial to discourse structuring particle: et alors?. 42nd Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (Lisboa, du 09/09/2009 au 12/09/2009).
2009
Bolly, Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Grammaticalization of Discourse Markers: From conceptual to procedural meaning. International Conference on Procedural Meaning: Problems and Perspective (Madrid, Spain, du 15/10/2009 au 17/10/2009).
2009
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. Het Leerdercorpus Nederlands in theorie en in de praktijk. Zeventiende Colloquium Neerlandicum (Utrecht, du 23/08/2009 au 29/08/2009).
2009
Degand, Liesbeth ; Hadermann, Pascale. Structure narrative et connecteurs temporels en français langue seconde. Représentations du sens linguistique IV (Helsinki, du 28 au 30/05/2008). In: La langue en contexte. Actes du colloque "Représentations du sens linguistique IV" (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; Tome LXXVIII), Société néophilologique: Helsinki, 2009. 978-951-9040-34-9, p. 19-34.
2009
Degand, Liesbeth. Subjectify or die! On the evolution of the causal pair car-parce que. International workshop on causality in discourse and cognition (Utrecht, du 14/01/2009 au 16/01/2009).
2009
Degand, Liesbeth. Traces of diachronic evolution in synchronic variation: from temporal to metadiscursive alors. I-mean: International conference on Meaning and Interaction (Bristol, du 23/04/2009 au 25/04/2009).
2008
Mortier, Liesbeth ; Degand, Liesbeth. A combined corpus approach to discourse markers: French en fait and Dutch eigenlijk. International Conference of Contrastive Linguistics5 (Leuven, du 07/07/2008 au 09/07/2008).
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Fagard, Benjamin. Alors between discourse and grammar: the role of syntactic position.. Between Discourse and Grammar (Gent, du 23/05/2008 au 24/05/2008).
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Dister, Anne ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Approches syntaxiques en français parlé: vers la structuration en unités minimales du discours. The 27th International Conference on Lexis and Grammar (L'Aquila, du 10/09/2008 au 13/09/2008). In: Actes du 27e colloque international Lexiques et grammaires comparés, Université de l'Aquilà: Aquilà, 2008, 27-33.
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Fagard, Benjamin. Cause and Subjectivity : a comparative study of French and Italian. International Conference of Contrastive Linguistics 5 (Leuven, du 07/07/2008 au 09/07/2008).
2008
Fagard, Benjamin ; Degand, Liesbeth. De l'évolution diachronique à la variation synchronique : et alors ?. Diachro4 (Madrid, du 22/10/2008 au 24/10/2008).
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie. Discourse markers and grammaticalization: Methodological issues. New Reflections on Grammaticalization 4 (Leuven, du 16/07/2008 au 19/07/2008).
2008
Degand, Liesbeth. From adverbial to discourse marker : cross-linguistic evidence. 18th Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse (Memphis, du 12/07/2008 au 15/07/2008).
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline ; Fagard, Benjamin ; Mortier, Liesbeth. Historical and comparative perspectives on the grammaticalization and subjectification of causal discourse markers. New Reflections on Grammaticalization 4 (Leuven, du 16/07/2008 au 19/07/2008).
2008
Fagard, Benjamin ; Degand, Liesbeth. La fortune des mots: Grandeur et décadence de car. CMLF 2008 - Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française 2008 (Paris, du 09/07/2008 au 12/07/2008). In: Actes du CMLF 2008- 1er Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française, EDP Sciences (www.linguistiquefrancaise.org): Paris, 2008. 978-2-7598-0358-3, p. 211-223.
2008
Dister, Anne ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. La segmentation en unités minimales est-elle propre au genre ? Quatre discours académiques à la loupe . Colloque sur Les discours universitaires : formes, pratiques, mutations (Université libre de Bruxelles, du 24/04/2008 au 26/04/2008).
2008
Degand, Liesbeth ; Hadermann, Pascale. Overuse of connectives in L2 writing: Transfer and/or interlingual phenomenon?. AILA 2008 (Essen, Germany, du 24/08/2008 au 29/08/2008).
2007
Fagard, Benjamin ; Degand, Liesbeth. (Inter)subjectification des connecteurs : le cas de car, parce que et puisque . Change and Variation in Romance (Porto, du 13/12/2007 au 15/12/2007).
2007
Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Prosodic grouping: condensing vs. breaking up strategies in the construction of minimal discourse units in spoken French. 10th International Pragmatics Conference [Panel: Prosody and Pragmatics in Spoken Language Corpora] (Göteborg, du 08/07/2007 au 13/07/2007).
2007
Degand, Liesbeth ; Dister, Anne ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Segmenting spoken discourse: How prosody and syntax work hand in hand when defining minimal discourse units in spoken French. 10th International Pragmatics Conference [Panel: Discourse-structure annotation schemes for text corpora] (Göteborg, du 08/07/2007 au 13/07/2007).
2006
Degand, Liesbeth ; Demol, Annemie ; Hadermann, Pascale ; Perrez, Julien. And, then, so … Why do L2 writers love connectives?. Sigwriting 2006 (Antwerpen, du 20/09/2006 au 22/09/2006).
2006
Degand, Liesbeth ; Huiskes, Mike ; Spooren, Wilbert. Connectives in spoken and written discourse. Workshop on Discourse, Cognition and Communication (Utrecht, du 09/11/2006 au 10/11/2006).
2006
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. Do causal and contrastive connectives facilitate comprehension? A methodological state of the art. the International Meeting on Memory & Text Comprehension (Montpellier, du 07/09/2006 au 08/09/2006).
2006
Hempel, Susanne ; Degand, Liesbeth. The use of sequencers in academic writing: a comparative study of French and English.. International Symposium: Discourse and Document (Caen, du 15/06/2006 au 16/05/2006).
2005
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. Connectives, text comprehension & foreign language proficiency. A contrastive study of the impact of causal and contrastive connectives on text comprehension. 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse, Amsterdam (Amsterdam, du 06/07/2005 au 09/07/2005).
2005
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. How to read in a foreign language? An introspective study of the explicit use of causal and contrastive connectives and metadiscourse markers as part of a reading strategy.. EUROSLA 2005 (Dubrovnik, du 13/09/2005 au 17/09/2005).
2005
Degand, Liesbeth ; Simon, Anne-Catherine. Minimal Discourse Units: Can we define them, and why should we?. SEM-05. Connectors, discourse framing and discourse structure: from corpus-based and experimental analyses to discourse theories (Biarritz (France), du 14/11/2005 au 15/11/2005). In: Proceedings of SEM-05. Connectors, discourse framing and discourse structure: from corpus-based and experimental analyses to discourse theories. Biarritz, 2005, 65-74.
2005
Hempel, Susanne ; Degand, Liesbeth. Qualitative analysis of sequencers in different text genres : academic writing, journalese and narrative prose. Les connecteurs, jalons du discours / Connectives as discourse landmarks (Paris, du 26/05/2005 au 28/05/2005).
2004
Degand, Liesbeth. Connecteurs et implications du locuteur : analyses qualitatives et quantitatives.. Colloque Perspectives croisées sur l’unité texte (Nicosie, du 18/03/2004 au 20/03/2004).
2004
Degand, Liesbeth. Connectives and Discourse Structure in L1 and L2. Symposium Les relations : de la phrase au discours ; des formes à leur traitement (Aix-en-Provence, du 20/09/2004 au 21/09/2004).
2004
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. De impact van causale en contrastieve conectieven op tekstbegrip in L2. Colloquium Neerlandistiek in Franstalig België en Frankrijk (Louvain-la-Neuve, du 15/03/2004 au 17/03/2004).
2004
Jansonius, Maarten ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Piérard, Sophie ; Bestgen, Yves. Evolutie in gebruik van temporele markeringen door Nederalndstalige en Franstalige leerders. Colloquium Neerlandistiek in Franstalig België en Frankrijk (Louvain-la-Neuve, du 15/03/2004 au 17/03/2004).
2004
Jansonius, Maarten ; Degand, Liesbeth. Exploring theme and topic variation in a corpus of foreign language learners’ writing. Eurosla 2004 (San Sebastian, du 08/09/2004 au 11/09/2004).
2004
Degand, Liesbeth ; Perrez, Julien ; Jansonius, Maarten. Het Leerdercorpus Nederlands : Opbouw en perspectieven. Colloquium Neerlandistiek in Franstalig België en Frankrijk (Louvain-la-Neuve, du 15/03/2004 au 17/03/2004).
2004
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. How to determine the meaning and use of (causal) connectives in (large) corpora: from hand-based to automatic analyses.. Journée ATALA : Modéliser et décrire l'organisation discursive à l'heure du document numérique (La Rochelle, 22/06/2004).
2004
Degand, Liesbeth. La sémantique des connecteurs : de l'analyse manuelle à l'analyse automatisée de corpus. La place des méthodes quantitatives en linguistique (Toulouse, du 02/06/2004 au 03/06/2004).
2004
Degand, Liesbeth ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Bestgen, Yves. On the use of automatic tools for large scale semantic analyses of causal connectives. In: Proceedings of ACL 2004 Workshop on Discourse Annotation, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004, p. 25-32.
2004
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. Overgebruik van connectieven in T2: leerproces of discursieve taalverschillen?. CogLingdag 2004 (Utrecht, 17/12/2004).
2004
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. The impact of causal connectives on expository text comprehension by French-speaking learners of Dutch. Eurosla 2004 (San Sebastian, du 08/09/2004 au 11/09/2004).
2004
Piérard, Sophie ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. Vers une recherche automatique des marqueurs de la segmentation du discours. 7es Journées internationales d'Analyse statistique des Données Textuelles (JADT'04): Le poids des mots (Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium), du 10/03/2004 au 12/03/2004). In: Actes des septièmes Journées internationales d'Analyse statistique des Données Textuelles. Louvain-la-Neuve, 2004.
2003
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk. Dutch connectives, Speaker Involvement and semantic layers . ICLC8 (Logroño , du 20/07/2003 au 25/07/2003).
2003
Perrez, Julien ; Degand, Liesbeth. On the combination of corpus-based and experimental methodologies in the study of causal, contrastive and metadiscourse connectives in L1 and L2 text comprehension and production. Corpus Linguistics 2003 Conference (Lancaster, du 28/03/2008 au 31/03/2008). In: Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2003 Conference (UCREL technical paper ; 16), UCREL: Lancaster, 2003. 1 86220 131 5.
2002
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal connectives in crosslinguistic contrast on the Speaker Involvement Scale. 6th Conference on Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language (Houston, du 11/10/2002 au 14/10/2002).
2002
Degand, Liesbeth ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Sanders, Ted ; Huiskes, Mike. Causale coherentiemarkeerders in gesproken taal.. VIOT 2002 (Antwerpen, du 16/12/2002 au 18/12/2002).
2002
Sanders, Ted ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Spooren, Wilbert ; Huiskens, Mike. Connectieven in geschreven en gesproken taal.. VIOT 2002 (Antwerpen, du 16/12/2002 au 18/12/2002).
2002
Degand, Liesbeth. De l'analyse contrastive monolingue à l'analyse contrastive bilingue: le cas des connecteurs en français et en néerlandais. 2èmes journées de linguistique de corpus (Rennes, du 12/09/2002 au 14/09/2002).
2002
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. Hoe maak je lange documenten (beter) leesbaar? Inzichten uit theorie en praktijk. VIOT 2002 (Antwerpen, du 16/12/2002 au 18/12/2002).
2002
Simon, Anne-Catherine ; Degand, Liesbeth. Prosodic patterns and the ‘Speaker Involvement’ scale: the case of parce que and car. EURESCO conference on "Interactional Linguistics" (Helsinki, du 06/09/2002 au 11/09/2002).
2002
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. Towards automatic retrieval of idioms in Dutch and French newspaper corpora. EURESCO Conference "Mind, Language and Metaphor" (Kerkrade, du 20/04/2002 au 24/04/2002).
2001
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk. Contrasting Causal Connectives on the Speaker Involvement Scale. Corpus Linguistics 2001 (Lancaster, du 30/03/2001 au 02/04/2001).
2001
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk. Dutch and French causal connectives on the Speaker Involvement Scale: pragmatic, semantic and grammatical constraints. 2nd International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (Santiago de Compostella, du 24/10/2001 au 27/10/2001).
2001
Roebben, Nicolas ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. The Impact of Backward and Forward Causal Connectives on Text Comprehension. ESCOP/BPS Joint meeting (Edinburgh, 01/09/2001).
2000
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal connectives in Dutch and French: The case of puisque and aangezien on the speaker involvement scale. Language, Culture and Cognition conference (Leiden, du 22/03/2000 au 23/03/2000).
2000
Degand, Liesbeth ; Sanders, Ted. The impact of causal markers on expository discourse comprehension in L1 and L2. 10th Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse (Lyon, du 19/07/2000 au 21/07/2000).
1999
Degand, Liesbeth ; Sanders, Ted. Causal connectives in language use. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the classification of coherence relations and connectives.. International Workshop on Text Representation (Edinburgh, du 07/07/1999 au 09/07/1999). In: Levels of Representation in Discourse. Working Notes of the International Workshop on Text Representation, University of Edinburgh: Edinburgh, 1999, p. 3-12.
1999
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk. Causale connectieven in het Nederlands en het Frans: verschillen in distributie? . Colloquium contrastief taalonderzoek Nederlands-Frans (Kathoieke Universiteit Leuven, du 05/02/1999 au 06/02/1999).
1999
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk. Scaling causal relations in terms of Speaker Involvement. International Workshop on Text Representation (Edinburgh, du 07/07/1999 au 09/07/1999). In: Levels of Representation in Discourse. Working Notes of the International Workshop on Text Representation, University of Edinburgh, 1999, 45-54.
1999
Degand, Liesbeth ; Pander Maat, Henk ; Sanders, Ted. Subjectivity in discourse: the case of causal connectives. 6th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference (Stockholm, du 12/07/1999 au 16/07/1999).
1998
Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves ; LEFEVRE, NATHALIE. Can connectives improve text comprehension? . International Conference on Document Design (Tilburg University, du 17/12/1998 au 18/12/1998).
1998
Degand, Liesbeth. On classifying coherence relations and connectives. ACL98/COLING Workshop on Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers (Montreal, 15/08/1998). In: Discourse Relations and Discourse Markers. Proceedings of the workshop COLING/ACL’98, Association of Computational Linguistics, 1998, p. 29-35.
1998
LEFEVRE, NATHALIE ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Bestgen, Yves. The effect of Discourse Markers on Text Comprehension and Metacomprehension. AMLAP 1998 (Freiburg, du 21/09/1998 au 23/09/1998).
1997
Degand, Liesbeth. A cross-linguistic view on causation: The case of Dutch and French causal connectives. 5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, du 14/07/1997 au 19/07/1997).
1997
Degand, Liesbeth. Discursive constraints on forward and backward causation in Dutch. 7th Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse (Utrecht, du 09/07/1997 au 11/07/1997).
1997
Degand, Liesbeth. Discursive constraints on the selection of causal prepositions. 24th International Systemic Functional Congress (York University, Toronto, du 21/07/1997 au 25/07/1997).
1996
Degand, Liesbeth. Functional Grammar and Systemic Functional Grammar: Different views on the place of words in the generation process. the VII International Conference on Functional Grammar, (University of Cobora).
1995
Degand, Liesbeth. Discourse markers of causation. Workshop on Discourse Markers (University of Duisburg, du 06/10/1995 au 7/10/1995).
1994
Degand, Liesbeth. Causal coherence in Dutch. 21st International Systemic Functional Congress (Gent, du 01/08/1994 au 05/08/1994).
1994
Degand, Liesbeth. Coherence relations and Multilingual Text Generation. Dandelion Workshop (EP 6665) (Bergen-aan-Zee, du 06/06/1994 au 08/06/1994).
1994
Degand, Liesbeth ; Teich, Elke. Thematic organization: A comparison of English, German, and Dutch. 16. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft (Saarbrücken, du 09/3/1994 au 11/03/1994).
1994
Degand, Liesbeth. Towards an Account of Causation in a Multilingual Text Generation System. Seventh International Workshop on Natural Language Generation (Kennebunkport, Maine, du 21/06/1994 au 24/06/1994). In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 1994, p. 108-116.
1993
Degand, Liesbeth. Towards a Systemic Functional Grammar of Dutch for Multilingual Text Generation. Fourth European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (Pisa, Italy, du 28/04/1993 au 30/04/1993). In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 1993, p. 143-147.
1993
Bateman, John ; Degand, Liesbeth ; Teich, Elke. Towards multilingual textuality: some experiences from multilingual text generation. the fourth European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (Italy, Pisa, du 28/03/1993 au 30/04/1993). In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 1993, 5-17.