30 janvier 2020
9h40
Louvain-la-Neuve
Leclercq 93
SESSION 1
MORTALITÉS ÉVITABLES ENTRE DÉCÈS VIOLENTS ET MORTALITÉ DES JEUNES
9h40: Audrey Plavsic & Océane Van Cleemput
Gender Disparities in External Mortality in Belgium: an Historical Approach (1886-2016)
In this research, we analyse spatial and temporal trends in external mortality by gender using the Belgian statistics of causes of death. Nowadays, external death accounts for about 6% of total deaths in Belgium, with a male disadvantage for all three main types of fatal injury (homicide, suicide and accidents). Yet, no previous research in Belgium has explored how gender inequalities in external mortality rates have evolved over a long period of time, and it is not known which causes of injury have contributed decisively to these disparities. From 1886, Belgian statistics on causes of death provide the annual number of external deaths with details on type of fatal injury and their mechanisms (fall, firearm, sharp object, electricity, etc.) by geographical area and gender. Using descriptive analyses, we compare the relative contribution of causes of homicide, suicide and accidents to mortality trends by gender in Belgium from the end of the 19th century to the present day. Main challenges regarding data collection will be discussed. Past and recent trends are interpreted in the light of societal changes and technological advances made through the last centuries.
10h00: Joan Damiens
Living and living well. The impact of the residential environment on suicide mortality in Belgium in the early 21st century
In 2016, Belgium had the fifth highest suicide rate in Europe and suicide was the 7th cause of death of the country - more than 6 persons died by suicide every day. Nonetheless, research about suicide in Belgium remains sparse and the residential component has not been studied yet. This presentation offers a first analysis about the relation between housing conditions and suicide mortality. It will assume that people living in poorer housing conditions may face higher suicide risks than people living in better conditions, as well as tenants may show higher rates of suicide than owners. Those relations could be explained by the proximity between housing conditions and overall socioeconomic situations, but they will also be tested once other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are controlled. This presentation is a first perspective in a research project whose objective is to observe how residential conditions and trajectories interfere in the social inequalities in suicide mortality.
10h15: Benjamin-Samuel Schlüter
Contribution of public health interventions in the reduction of mortality among children aged 5 to 15 years old
In recent years, under-five mortality has been extensively studied and monitored. However, less effort has been devoted to measuring the mortality of children over 5 years of age and examining the determinants of their risk of death. These two age groups may be exposed to different risk factors (e.g. because older children attend school) and to different causes of death (mortality less related to infectious causes in older children).
Our goal is to measure the association between public health interventions and reduced mortality in children aged 5 to 14. To do so, we will use the sub-national level of the first available administrative units (usually the provinces). It is at this level that we will determine the mortality of children aged 5 to 14 years. This will involve characterizing changes over time and assessing geographic inequalities over time.
10h30: Discussion
10h50 : Break
SESSION 2
NOUVELLES COMPOSITIONS FAMILIALES, NOUVEAUX PARCOURS DE VIE
11h00: Luisa Fadel
One parent, multiple faces: trends in the socioeconomic profiles of lone fathers in Belgium, 1991-2018
This research contributes to our understanding of the current plurality of lone fatherhood, drawing on the Belgian context. Particular attention is paid to the pathways that relate a man’s socioeconomic background to his likelihood of becoming a lone father. Lone father families are likely to be a very heterogeneous group, as the father’s socioeconomic characteristics may relate to certain paths into lone parenthood (separation, custody) and its duration (repartnering). For the past several decades, there has been a continuous increase in families headed by single fathers, and they now represent 21% of lone parent households in Belgium (Census, 2011). Despite their rapid growth, little is known except for some basic descriptive information on their demographic characteristics. However, lone fathers’ heterogeneity poses new challenges both for policy makers, and family researches. Particularly, they argue we need to adopt a longitudinal perspective to better understand the different dynamics of these families. Belgium is very suitable to study lone fatherhood given the growing share of divorced parents occurred in the past 30 years, and because of the availability of longitudinal population data. We adopt a life course approach to show how socio-demographic and economic profiles of lone fathers have changed over the years. In addition, we apply longitudinal analyses to investigate which individual and partner socioeconomic factors affect the probability of selection into and the duration of lone fatherhood. Finally, we investigate how the duration of lone father episodes affect their economic outcomes. This research uses data from the Belgian Register (1991-2018). The power of registers not only allow us to adopt a longitudinal perspective and overcoming attrition bias, but also to include the characteristics of the (non-resident) mother to our study.
11h15: Benjamin Marteau
Fin des études, transition vers l’emploi et ruptures d’union des jeunes adultes en France
Au cours des dernières décennies en France, la massification scolaire et l’accès élargi à l’enseignement supérieur ont contribué à l’augmentation du nombre de couples cohabitants avant la fin du parcours scolaire ou universitaire. Les jeunes adultes parviennent à s’engager dans une relation cohabitante tout en continuant leurs études, alors que leurs ressources financières durant la scolarité sont faibles et que l’indépendance résidentielle est difficilement atteinte. La scolarité se poursuit généralement après la mise en couple et elle est fréquemment suivie par une entrée sur le marché du travail. Avec une convergence croissante des perspectives professionnelles des hommes et des femmes et une division sexuelle du travail au sein du couple moins spécialisée qu’au 20ème siècle, l’intersection des trajectoires professionnelles des deux partenaires questionne la stabilité des unions dans une période de la vie où le développement et l’épanouissement personnel sont recherchés. Dans un contexte d’augmentation du nombre de séparations de premières unions cohabitantes dans la jeunesse, la transition de l’éducation à l’emploi apporte son lot d’incertitudes qui pourrait expliquer l’accroissement des unions courtes à cet âge de la vie. L’objectif de cette communication est de mesurer l’effet de l’obtention du diplôme et de l’entrée sur le marché du travail sur la séparation des premières unions cohabitantes chez les jeunes adultes en France. L’enquête rétrospective Étude sur les trajectoires individuelles et conjugales (Epic) de 2013 est utilisée, ainsi que des modèles d’analyse longitudinale à temps discret, afin de déterminer les probabilités d’une première séparation en fonction de l’évolution du statut professionnel et scolaire dans la jeunesse.
11h30: Discussion
11h50 : Break
SESSION 3
ESPACES URBAINS ET RURAUX D’HIER À AUJOURD’HUI
12h00: Mélanie Bourguignon
Questionner les relations entre dynamiques démographiques et évolutions socioéconomiques à l’aune des particularités du milieu rural wallon au 19e siècle
En Wallonie, le 19e siècle est synonyme de changements socioéconomiques majeurs (industrialisation, urbanisation, prolétarisation de la main d’œuvre, développement de l’instruction…) mais également de profonds bouleversements des systèmes démographiques (recul de la mortalité, déclin de la fécondité, accroissement des mobilités…). Si ces tendances pèsent lourdement sur l’évolution des sociétés pré-transitionnelles et transitionnelles, elles sont toutefois entrecoupées par des périodes de crises économiques, agricoles, sociales et industrielles ou d’épisodes de famines et d’épidémies. Dans ce contexte d’amélioration globale des conditions de vie, l’objectif de cette communication consiste à analyser les interactions potentielles entre dynamiques ou systèmes démographiques d’une part, et aspects socioéconomiques d’autre part. Plus précisément, il est question ici d’identifier si et dans quelle mesure les comportements démographiques des populations varient face à une crise et s’y adaptent pour y faire face. Cette réflexion est menée à partir de tendances observées en pleine période de transition démographique, en milieu rural wallon. Dans ce cadre, nous posons l’hypothèse que si une épidémie accroît la mortalité de manière momentanée et que la nuptialité est également affectée de manière instantanée par une crise économique, la fécondité des couples en ressort elle aussi modifiée pour permettre aux individus de s’adapter aux conditions socioéconomiques momentanément extraordinaires.
12h15: Scott Fontaine
Inclusion and socio-spatial segregation: the transition towns movement in Wallonia
The magnitude of socio-environmental concerns makes the need to inquire into the social responses induced and their impacts from a scientific point of view more and more relevant every day. This is what this project seeks to contribute to. To that end, the thesis will investigate the inclusive dimension claimed by the Transition Towns Movement through its review in Wallonia.
Since its foundation in the early 2000s this social movement raised the development of local and convivial communities as a key adaptation measure for climate change and natural resources scarcity. Distrustful of the political capacities to act in time and of the individual capacities to do enough, the movement favors the community scale to get everyone aboard the Ecological Transition boat. However, despite an interesting diversity of environmental practices, scientific literature highlights sociological homogeneity trends within the movement and a predisposition of growing in (neo)"rural" areas.
The thesis will therefore assess the relationships between the socio-spatial segregation tendencies in Wallonia, the diffusion of the movement and its understanding of inclusiveness through an unprecedented socio-demographic analysis. 1) The movement and its diffusion will be screened together with an analysis of inequalities in Wallonia in order to determine the extent to which it anchors itself in privileged environments ; 2) several places will be selected for a field study (semi-structured interviews, participant observations) to get an in-depth of the actors' practices and discourses revolving around the concept of inclusiveness ; 3) a socio-demographic inquiry will be held to evaluate the movement's supposed homogeneity.
This thesis aims to grasp the relation and the reflexivity of the movement's environmentalism towards social fractures. In doing so, it seeks to shed light on the relationships between social and environmental issues.